MLA与芝加哥：人文学科该用作者–页码还是注释？

MLA Works Cited（官方Style Center图书）：

Mantel, Hilary. Wolf Hall. Picador, 2010.

MLA文内，没有具体页码：

(Mantel)

芝加哥首条注释（官方CMOS 18 Quick Guide图书）：

1. Charles Yu, Interior Chinatown (Pantheon Books, 2020), 45.

芝加哥缩短注释：

2. Yu, Interior Chinatown, 48.

芝加哥作者–日期文内（官方Quick Guide）：

(Yu 2020, 45)

MLA Handbook，第9版

The ninth edition builds on the MLA’s unique approach to documenting sources using a template of core elements—facts common to most sources, like author, title, and publication date—that allows writers to cite any type of work, from books, e-books, and journal articles in databases to song lyrics, online images, social media posts, dissertations, and more.

MLA Style Center，文内引用

In-text citations are brief, unobtrusive references that direct readers to the works-cited-list entries for the sources you consulted and, where relevant, to the location in the source being cited.

Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide

Chicago-style source citations come in two varieties: (1) notes and bibliography and (2) author-date.

Chicago Manual of Style，注释与文献目录

The notes and bibliography system, Chicago’s oldest and most flexible, can accommodate a wide variety of sources, including unusual ones that don’t fit neatly into the author-date system. For this reason, it is preferred by many working in the humanities, including literature, history, and the arts.

Chicago Manual of Style，作者–日期

Because it credits researchers by name directly in the text while at the same time emphasizing the date of each source, the author-date system is preferred by many in the sciences and social sciences.

括号引用，整部作品

At least one researcher has broken new ground on the subject (Baron).

叙述式引用，无页码

Naomi Baron broke new ground on the subject.

带页码的括号引用

Reading is “just half of literacy. The other half is writing” (Baron 194).

叙述式引用，仅页码

According to Naomi Baron, reading is “just half of literacy. The other half is writing” (194).

Works Cited（MLA Style Center）：

Baron, Naomi S. “Redefining Reading: The Impact of Digital Communication Media.” PMLA, vol. 128, no. 1, Jan. 2013, pp. 193–200.

首条注释：

1. Charles Yu, Interior Chinatown (Pantheon Books, 2020), 45.

缩短注释：

2. Yu, Interior Chinatown, 48.

芝加哥文献目录（官方）：

Yu, Charles. Interior Chinatown. Pantheon Books, 2020.

芝加哥作者–日期参考文献（官方Quick Guide）：

Yu, Charles. 2020. Interior Chinatown. Pantheon Books.

句中的芝加哥作者–日期（官方）：

(Yu 2020, 45)

MLA指向相同页码（适用例，不是Style Center原行）：

(Yu 45)

Most authors choose the system used by others in their field or required by their publisher. Students should check with their instructor before deciding which system to use.

MLA Works Cited（官方Style Center示例）：

Mantel, Hilary. Wolf Hall. Picador, 2010.

MLA文内，整部作品：

(Mantel)

芝加哥文献目录（NB，CMOS 18适用）：

Mantel, Hilary. Wolf Hall. Picador, 2010.

芝加哥首条注释（适用例）：

1. Hilary Mantel, Wolf Hall (Picador, 2010).

芝加哥作者–日期参考文献（适用例）：

Mantel, Hilary. 2010. Wolf Hall. Picador.

芝加哥作者–日期文内（适用例）：

(Mantel 2010)

芝加哥首条注释（官方Quick Guide）：

1. Charles Yu, Interior Chinatown (Pantheon Books, 2020), 45.

芝加哥缩短注释（官方）：

2. Yu, Interior Chinatown, 48.

芝加哥文献目录（官方）：

Yu, Charles. Interior Chinatown. Pantheon Books, 2020.

芝加哥作者–日期参考文献（官方）：

Yu, Charles. 2020. Interior Chinatown. Pantheon Books.

芝加哥作者–日期文内（官方）：

(Yu 2020, 45)

MLA Works Cited（适用例）：

Yu, Charles. Interior Chinatown. Pantheon Books, 2020.

MLA文内，那些页码（适用例）：

(Yu 45)

芝加哥首条注释（官方Quick Guide）：

1. Amy J. Binder and Jeffrey L. Kidder, The Channels of Student Activism: How the Left and Right Are Winning (and Losing) in Campus Politics Today (University of Chicago Press, 2022), 117–18.

芝加哥缩短注释（官方）：

2. Binder and Kidder, Channels of Student Activism, 125.

芝加哥文献目录（官方）：

Binder, Amy J., and Jeffrey L. Kidder. The Channels of Student Activism: How the Left and Right Are Winning (and Losing) in Campus Politics Today. University of Chicago Press, 2022.

芝加哥作者–日期参考文献（官方）：

Binder, Amy J., and Jeffrey L. Kidder. 2022. The Channels of Student Activism: How the Left and Right Are Winning (and Losing) in Campus Politics Today. University of Chicago Press.

芝加哥作者–日期文内（官方）：

(Binder and Kidder 2022, 117–18)

MLA Works Cited（适用例）：

Binder, Amy J., and Jeffrey L. Kidder. The Channels of Student Activism: How the Left and Right Are Winning (and Losing) in Campus Politics Today. U of Chicago P, 2022.

MLA文内（适用例）：

(Binder and Kidder 117)

Journal articles are usually cited by volume and issue number. In a note, cite specific page numbers. In the bibliography, include the page range for the whole article. For articles consulted online, include a URL (preferably one based on a DOI; see CMOS 13.7); alternatively, list the name of the database.

CMOS 18 What’s New，13.26

A month or season can now usually be omitted in citations of journal articles.

MLA Works Cited（官方）：

Goldman, Anne. “Questions of Transport: Reading Primo Levi Reading Dante.” The Georgia Review, vol. 64, no. 1, spring 2010, pp. 69-88. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/41403188.

MLA文内：

(Goldman 69-88)

芝加哥文献目录（把CMOS 18套到Goldman上）：

Goldman, Anne. “Questions of Transport: Reading Primo Levi Reading Dante.” The Georgia Review 64, no. 1 (2010): 69–88. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41403188.

芝加哥首条注释（适用例）：

1. Anne Goldman, “Questions of Transport: Reading Primo Levi Reading Dante,” The Georgia Review 64, no. 1 (2010): 69–88, https://www.jstor.org/stable/41403188.

芝加哥首条注释（官方Quick Guide）：

1. Benjamin Lindquist, “The Art of Text-to-Speech,” Critical Inquiry 50, no. 2 (2023): 230, https://doi.org/10.1086/727651.

芝加哥缩短注释（官方）：

2. Lindquist, “Text-to-Speech,” 231–32.

芝加哥文献目录（官方）：

Lindquist, Benjamin. “The Art of Text-to-Speech.” Critical Inquiry 50, no. 2 (2023): 225–51. https://doi.org/10.1086/727651.

芝加哥作者–日期参考文献（官方）：

Lindquist, Benjamin. 2023. “The Art of Text-to-Speech.” Critical Inquiry 50 (2): 225–51. https://doi.org/10.1086/727651.

芝加哥作者–日期文内（官方）：

(Lindquist 2023, 230)

MLA Works Cited（根据2024年冬季号适用，不是Style Center原行）：

Lindquist, Benjamin. “The Art of Text-to-Speech.” Critical Inquiry, vol. 50, no. 2, winter 2024, pp. 225–51. https://doi.org/10.1086/727651.

MLA文内（适用例）：

(Lindquist 230)

CMOS 18 What’s New，14.8

The page range for a cited chapter in an edited book is no longer required in a bibliography or reference list entry (though a page range is still required for most journal articles).

芝加哥首条注释（官方Quick Guide）：

1. Kathleen Doyle, “The Queen Mary Psalter,” in The Book by Design: The Remarkable Story of the World’s Greatest Invention, ed. P. J. M. Marks and Stephen Parkin (University of Chicago Press, 2023), 64.

芝加哥缩短注释（官方）：

2. Doyle, “Queen Mary Psalter,” 65.

芝加哥文献目录（官方；无章节页码范围）：

Doyle, Kathleen. “The Queen Mary Psalter.” In The Book by Design: The Remarkable Story of the World’s Greatest Invention, edited by P. J. M. Marks and Stephen Parkin. University of Chicago Press, 2023.

芝加哥作者–日期参考文献（官方）：

Doyle, Kathleen. 2023. “The Queen Mary Psalter.” In The Book by Design: The Remarkable Story of the World’s Greatest Invention, edited by P. J. M. Marks and Stephen Parkin. University of Chicago Press.

芝加哥作者–日期文内（官方）：

(Doyle 2023, 64)

MLA Works Cited（适用容器模板；没有编造章节页码范围）：

Doyle, Kathleen. “The Queen Mary Psalter.” The Book by Design: The Remarkable Story of the World’s Greatest Invention, edited by P. J. M. Marks and Stephen Parkin, U of Chicago P, 2023.

芝加哥首条注释（官方Quick Guide编号）：

7. Carl D. Snyder et al., “Extant Life Detection Using Label-Free Video Microscopy in Analog Aquatic Environments,” PLOS ONE 20, no. 3 (2025): 9–10, e0318239, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0318239.

芝加哥缩短注释（官方）：

8. Snyder et al., “Extant Life Detection,” 12.

芝加哥文献目录（官方）：

Snyder, Carl D., Manuel Bedrossian, Casey Barr, et al. “Extant Life Detection Using Label-Free Video Microscopy in Analog Aquatic Environments.” PLOS ONE 20, no. 3 (2025): e0318239. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0318239.

芝加哥作者–日期参考文献（官方）：

Snyder, Carl D., Manuel Bedrossian, Casey Barr, et al. 2025. “Extant Life Detection Using Label-Free Video Microscopy in Analog Aquatic Environments.” PLOS ONE 20 (3): e0318239. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0318239.

芝加哥作者–日期文内（官方）：

(Snyder et al. 2025, 9–10)

MLA Works Cited（适用例；两位作者后用et al.）：

Snyder, Carl D., et al. “Extant Life Detection Using Label-Free Video Microscopy in Analog Aquatic Environments.” PLOS ONE, vol. 20, no. 3, 2025, e0318239. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0318239.

MLA文内（适用例）：

(Snyder et al.)

The concept of containers is crucial to MLA style. When the source being documented forms part of a larger whole, the larger whole can be thought of as a container that holds the source. For example, a short story may be contained in an anthology. The short story is the source, and the anthology is the container.

CMOS 18 Quick Guide，图书引用

Note that a place of publication is no longer required in book citations (see CMOS 14.30).

What’s New，13.23和13.107

Up to six authors are now listed in a bibliography or reference list entry; if more than six, only the first three are listed, followed by “et al.” In a note or in an author-date text citation, up to two authors are now listed; if more than two, only the first is listed, followed by “et al.”

What’s New，14.8

The page range for a cited chapter in an edited book is no longer required in a bibliography or reference list entry (though a page range is still required for most journal articles).

Shortened citations used instead of “ibid.” may take one of three forms: author-title (Chicago’s regular short form), author-only, or title-only.