我应该使用哪种引用样式？

• 作业说明、评分标准或学习管理系统提交栏中的文字
• 课程教学大纲或模块手册
• 期刊的Instructions for Authors，或会议/出版社体例
• 研究生院提供的硕士或博士论文模板
• 院系写作指南或样式单
• 以书面形式向任课教师、导师或编辑提问：哪种样式、哪个版本？

文学、语言、写作、细读

MLA第9版（2021），作者-页码。官方起点：MLA Style Center。

心理学、教育学、护理学、社会工作、许多商科论文

APA第7版（2020），作者-年份。官方起点：APA Style。

历史学、艺术史、宗教学、档案工作

Chicago第18版（2024），注释-文献目录——除非作业点明作者-年份或Turabian第9版。官方起点：Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide。

临床或生物医学期刊

编号式Vancouver / NLM，或AMA第11版用于JAMA Network刊物。先确认期刊。ICMJE于2026年1月重申了编号体系规则。

电气、计算机或其他许多工程课

Reference Style Guide for Authors V 3.28.2025中的编号式IEEE方括号，除非发表场合是ACM。

英国、澳大利亚或其他点名Harvard的模块

该项目自己的Harvard单页，常常是Cite Them Right第13版（2025年5月1日）。它不是APA，Harvard University也不维护它。

Some of your instructors will specify which citation format you should use; others will tell you to choose your own citation format as long as you use it consistently. The most common citation formats are MLA (Modern Language Association) style, which is primarily used for papers in the humanities; APA (American Psychological Association) style, which is primarily used for papers in the social sciences; and Chicago style (The Chicago Manual of Style), which is used for both humanities and social science papers.

Harvard Library

The "Harvard System" is something of a misnomer, as there is no official institutional connection.

Harvard Library

It's another name for the author/date citation system, the custom of using author and date in parentheses, e.g. (Robbins 1987) to refer readers to the full bibliographic citations in appended bibliographies.

Harvard Library

Harvard Library has no guide to this system as most of our scholars and researchers use APA, Chicago, MLA, or another style specific to their discipline.

MLA第9版Works Cited（Harvard Guide图书样本）：

Ho, Karen Zouwen. Liquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street. Duke University Press, 2009.

MLA第9版括号引用（Harvard Guide，The Privileged Poor）：

(Jack 24)

Harvard Guide句中的MLA第9版括号引用：

Colleges and universities need to create policies that foster inclusion for low-income students (Jack 24).

MLA第9版Style Center图书（Digital_Humanities）：

Burdick, Anne, et al. Digital_Humanities. MIT P, 2012.

MLA第9版Style Center括号引用：

(Burdick et al. 42)

APA第7版括号引用（Publication Manual / Style Center期刊样本）：

Falsely balanced news coverage can distort the public’s perception of expert consensus on an issue (Koehler, 2016).

APA第7版参考文献（同一官方样本）：

Koehler, D. J. (2016). Can journalistic “false balance” distort public perception of consensus in expert opinion? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 22(1), 24–38. https://doi.org/10.1037/xap0000073

Chicago第18版首条注释（Quick Guide两位作者图书）：

1. Amy J. Binder and Jeffrey L. Kidder, The Channels of Student Activism: How the Left and Right Are Winning (and Losing) in Campus Politics Today (University of Chicago Press, 2022), 117–18.

Chicago第18版文献目录（同一Quick Guide图书）：

Binder, Amy J., and Jeffrey L. Kidder. The Channels of Student Activism: How the Left and Right Are Winning (and Losing) in Campus Politics Today. University of Chicago Press, 2022.

IEEE Reference Style Guide V 3.28.2025图书样本（II.B）：

B. Klaus and P. Horn, Robot Vision. Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press, 1986.

NLM样本1（Vancouver期刊论文；页面最近审阅日期为2026年6月2日）：

1. Halpern SD, Ubel PA, Caplan AL. Solid-organ transplantation in HIV-infected patients. N Engl J Med. 2002 Jul 25;347(4):284-7.

Chicago Manual of Style, Quick Guide

Chicago-style source citations come in two varieties: (1) notes and bibliography and (2) author-date.

Chicago Manual of Style, Quick Guide

The notes and bibliography system, Chicago's oldest and most flexible, can accommodate a wide variety of sources, including unusual ones that don't fit neatly into the author-date system. For this reason, it is preferred by many working in the humanities, including literature, history, and the arts.

Chicago Manual of Style, Quick Guide

Because it credits researchers by name directly in the text while at the same time emphasizing the date of each source, the author-date system is preferred by many in the sciences and social sciences.

Chicago Manual of Style, Quick Guide

Most authors choose the system used by others in their field or required by their publisher. Students should check with their instructor before deciding which system to use.

Publication Manual, 7th edition, Introduction

APA Style is a set of guidelines for clear and precise scholarly communication that helps authors, both new and experienced, achieve excellence in writing. It is used by millions of people around the world in psychology and also in fields ranging from nursing to social work, communications to education, business to engineering, and other disciplines for the preparation of manuscripts for publication as well as for writing student papers, dissertations, and theses.

MLA Handbook, ninth edition

Relied on by generations of writers, the MLA Handbook is published by the Modern Language Association and is the only official, authorized book on MLA style.

IEEE Reference Style Guide V 3.28.2025, I.A

References need not be cited in the text. When they are, they appear on the line, in square brackets, inside the punctuation.

IEEE V 3.28.2025范围规则（I.A）

Reference ranges in text will not include an en dash. All references will be written out. For example, “[1]–[4]” will now be “[1], [2], [3], [4]”.

ICMJE Recommendations（2026年1月）

References should be numbered consecutively in the order in which they are first mentioned in the text. Identify references in text, tables, and legends by Arabic numerals in parentheses.