Vancouver与APA：医学与卫生该用哪种引用样式？

Vancouver正文（ICMJE）：

在正文、表和说明中用括号内阿拉伯数字标示参考文献：(1) 或 (1-3)。

Vancouver随后再次使用：

同一来源保持同一编号：再次用 (1)，而不是新编号。

APA 7括号式（§8.11）：

(Grady et al., 2019)

APA 7叙述式（§8.11）：

Grady et al. (2019)

Vancouver期刊论文模式（NLM sample 1）：

Halpern SD, Ubel PA, Caplan AL. Solid-organ transplantation in HIV-infected patients. N Engl J Med. 2002 Jul 25;347(4):284-7.

APA 7期刊论文模式（Style Center §10.1）：

Grady, J. S., Her, M., Moreno, G., Perez, C., & Yelinek, J. (2019). Emotions in storybooks: A comparison of storybooks that represent ethnic and racial groups in the United States. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 8(3), 207–217. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000185

ICMJE Recommendations

References should be numbered consecutively in the order in which they are first mentioned in the text. Identify references in text, tables, and legends by Arabic numerals in parentheses.

ICMJE，关于期刊名

The titles of journals should be abbreviated according to the style used for MEDLINE.

ICMJE，关于格式

References should follow the standards summarized in the NLM's Sample References webpage and detailed in the NLM's Citing Medicine, 2nd edition.

NLM Samples of Formatted References

The recommended style for references is based on the National Information Standards Organization NISO Z39.29-2005 (R2010) Bibliographic References as adapted by the National Library of Medicine for its databases.

APA Style author–date页面

Use the author–date citation system to cite references in the text in APA Style. In this system, each work used in a paper has two parts: an in-text citation and a corresponding reference list entry.

Vancouver正文：

Halpern and colleagues (1) argue that asymptomatic HIV-positive patients should be considered for transplantation; later notes reuse (1).

Vancouver参考文献（NLM sample 1，标准期刊论文）：

1. Halpern SD, Ubel PA, Caplan AL. Solid-organ transplantation in HIV-infected patients. N Engl J Med. 2002 Jul 25;347(4):284-7.

APA 7正文：

Halpern et al. (2002) argue that asymptomatic HIV-positive patients should be considered for transplantation (Halpern et al., 2002, p. 284).

APA 7参考文献（同一论文，APA §10.1）：

Halpern, S. D., Ubel, P. A., & Caplan, A. L. (2002). Solid-organ transplantation in HIV-infected patients. The New England Journal of Medicine, 347(4), 284–287. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsb020632

ICMJE，表与图

References cited only in tables or figure legends should be numbered in accordance with the sequence established by the first identification in the text of the particular table or figure.

ICMJE，电子参考文献

Journals vary on whether they ask authors to cite electronic references within parentheses in the text or in numbered references following the text. Authors should consult with the journal to which they plan to submit their work.

BMJ Author Hub，文内标记

References cited in the text should be presented in square brackets [6] or superscripts. Parentheses (6) should be used for in-line lists

多个来源（ICMJE括号）：

两项试验和一篇综述支持该发现 (1-3)。非连续编号写成 (1,3,5)。

同样来源写成上标（常见社内样式，并非ICMJE正文）：

两项试验和一篇综述支持该发现。^1-3

括号式：

(Grady et al., 2019)

叙述式：

Grady et al. (2019)

两位作者，括号式对叙述式：

(Halpern & Ubel, 2002) would apply only if those were the sole authors; Halpern, Ubel, and Caplan become Halpern et al.

APA Style，基本原则：

Each work cited must appear in the reference list, and each work in the reference list must be cited in the text (or in a table, figure, footnote, or appendix).

NLM sample 1，超过六位作者

List the first six authors, followed by et al. If there are more than six authors, list the first six authors, followed by et al. (Note: NLM now lists all authors.):

NLM官方7位及以上作者样例：

Rose ME, Huerbin MB, Melick J, Marion DW, Palmer AM, Schiding JK, et al. Regulation of interstitial excitatory amino acid concentrations after cortical contusion injury. Brain Res. 2002;935(1-2):40-6.

BMJ Author Hub，作者截断

The first three authors are listed by last name and initials, with additional authors acknowledged by the use of 'et al' if applicable.

BMJ Author Hub印刷期刊样例：

Koziol-Mclain J, Brand D, Morgan D, et al. Measuring injury risk factors: question reliability in a statewide sample. Inj Prev 2000;6:148–50.

同一截断思路下的APA 7：

七位作者在APA 7中仍全部列出。省略号只在21名或更多时出现：前19名，然后 …，然后最后一位作者。

标准期刊论文（NLM sample 1）：

Halpern SD, Ubel PA, Caplan AL. Solid-organ transplantation in HIV-infected patients. N Engl J Med. 2002 Jul 25;347(4):284-7.

可选连续通页形式（同样例）：

Halpern SD, Ubel PA, Caplan AL. Solid-organ transplantation in HIV-infected patients. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:284-7.

机构作作者（NLM sample 2）：

Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Hypertension, insulin, and proinsulin in participants with impaired glucose tolerance. Hypertension. 2002;40(5):679-86.

带DOI的文章（NLM sample 36可选MEDLINE形式）：

Zhang M, Holman CD, Price SD, Sanfilippo FM, Preen DB, Bulsara MK. Comorbidity and repeat admission to hospital for adverse drug reactions in older adults: retrospective cohort study. BMJ. 2009 Jan 7;338:a2752. doi: 10.1136/bmj.a2752. PubMed PMID: 19129307; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2615549.

APA §10.1（Grady et al., 2019，Style Center）：

Grady, J. S., Her, M., Moreno, G., Perez, C., & Yelinek, J. (2019). Emotions in storybooks: A comparison of storybooks that represent ethnic and racial groups in the United States. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 8(3), 207–217. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000185

同一篇Halpern论文用APA 7：

Halpern, S. D., Ubel, P. A., & Caplan, A. L. (2002). Solid-organ transplantation in HIV-infected patients. The New England Journal of Medicine, 347(4), 284–287. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsb020632

Vancouver / NLM sample 19（个人作者）：

Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Kobayashi GS, Pfaller MA. Medical microbiology. 4th ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 2002.

Vancouver / NLM sample 23（章节）：

Meltzer PS, Kallioniemi A, Trent JM. Chromosome alterations in human solid tumors. In: Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW, editors. The genetic basis of human cancer. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2002. p. 93-113.

APA 7官方图书示例（Style Center，§10.2）：

Jackson, L. M. (2019). The psychology of prejudice: From attitudes to social action (2nd ed.). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000168-000

Vancouver DOI（NLM写法）：

doi: 10.1136/bmj.a2752

APA 7 DOI：

https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a2752

Vancouver无作者官方样例（NLM sample 4）：

21st century heart solution may have a sting in the tail. BMJ. 2002;325(7357):184.

APA 7无作者模式（句式大小写标题在前）：

21st century heart solution may have a sting in the tail. (2002). BMJ, 325(7357), 184.

ICMJE，未发表与personal communication

References to papers accepted but not yet published should be designated as "in press" or "forthcoming." Information from manuscripts submitted but not accepted should be cited in the text as "unpublished observations" with written permission from the source.

ICMJE，personal communication

Avoid citing a "personal communication" unless it provides essential information not available from a public source, in which case the name of the person and date of communication should be cited in parentheses in the text.

ICMJE，生成式AI

Referencing AI-generated material as the primary source is not acceptable.

ICMJE，撤稿

For articles published in journals indexed in MEDLINE, the ICMJE considers PubMed the authoritative source for information about retractions.

ICMJE，预印本

When preprints are cited, the citation should clearly indicate that the reference is a preprint (also see Section III.D.3).

NLM官方预印本样例（item 34）：

Alvarez R. Near optimal neural network estimator for spectral x-ray photon counting data with pileup. arXiv:1702.01006v1 [Preprint]. 2017 [cited 2017 Feb 9]: [11 p.]. Available from: https://arxiv.org/abs/1702.01006

Psychological Science（2026年6月23日更新）

Manuscripts published in Psychological Science must follow the style of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th edition, with respect to handling of the order of manuscript sections, headings and subheadings, references, abbreviations, and symbols.

Journal of Nursing Education

Manuscripts should be prepared following the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th edition, and spelling should reflect Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary.

BMJ Author Hub

BMJ formats references using Vancouver style; references are sequentially numbered within the text of the main document and match the reference list at the end of the article.