何时使用APA样式（第7版）

• 作业、评分标准或学习管理系统提交栏点名APA或APA第7版
• 期刊的Instructions for Authors点名APA Style——Psychological Science和AERA期刊就是如此
• 硕士或博士论文模板是APA学生论文
• 课程属于心理学、教育学、护理学、社会工作、咨询或其他社会或行为科学，且未点名其他手册
• 有人让你自选样式，且论文报告方法、数据或读者需要看到年份的近期研究

• 教学大纲点名MLA、芝加哥、Turabian、Harvard、ASA、IEEE、AMA、Vancouver、ACS或Bluebook
• 论文是文学、语言或细读类文章（通常用MLA）
• 论文是历史学、艺术史、宗教学或档案工作（通常用芝加哥注释）
• 投稿对象是使用AMA或Vancouver的临床或医学期刊
• 投稿对象是IEEE Transactions论文或其他编号工程样式

APA Style is a set of guidelines for clear and precise scholarly communication that helps authors, both new and experienced, achieve excellence in writing. It is used by millions of people around the world in psychology and also in fields ranging from nursing to social work, communications to education, business to engineering, and other disciplines for the preparation of manuscripts for publication as well as for writing student papers, dissertations, and theses.

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

Some of your instructors will specify which citation format you should use; others will tell you to choose your own citation format as long as you use it consistently. The most common citation formats are MLA (Modern Language Association) style, which is primarily used for papers in the humanities; APA (American Psychological Association) style, which is primarily used for papers in the social sciences; and Chicago style (The Chicago Manual of Style), which is used for both humanities and social science papers.

Most authors choose the system used by others in their field or required by their publisher. Students should check with their instructor before deciding which system to use.

Manuscripts published in Psychological Science must follow the style of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th edition, with respect to handling of the order of manuscript sections, headings and subheadings, references, abbreviations, and symbols.

For initial submissions, authors may deviate from some of the style requirements (e.g., heading and subheading style, reference format, location of tables and figures). However, invited revisions and final versions of manuscripts must follow APA style.

The style guide for the Review of Educational Research and all AERA journals is the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th ed., 2020.

Manuscripts should be prepared in accordance with the AMA Manual of Style, 11th edition, and/or the ICMJE Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals.

注释与文献目录：

The notes and bibliography system, Chicago’s oldest and most flexible, can accommodate a wide variety of sources, including unusual ones that don’t fit neatly into the author-date system. For this reason, it is preferred by many working in the humanities, including literature, history, and the arts.

作者-年份：

Because it credits researchers by name directly in the text while at the same time emphasizing the date of each source, the author-date system is preferred by many in the sciences and social sciences.

However, because the scope of what constitutes a student paper is broad and flexible, and because students submit papers to their academic institutions rather than to an APA journal, we do not designate formal requirements for the nature or contents of an APA Style student paper.

Students should follow the guidelines and requirements developed by their instructors, departments, and/or academic institutions when writing papers, including dissertations and theses; these guidelines and requirements may entail adaptations of or additions to the APA Style guidelines described in this manual.

Student papers (e.g., narrative essays, reaction or response papers, literature review papers; see Section 1.10) usually include, at minimum, a title page (see Sections 2.3–2.6), page numbers (see Section 2.18), text (see Section 2.11), and a reference list (see Section 2.12).

Student papers do not typically include a running head, an author note, or an abstract, unless specifically requested by the instructor or institution.

Running heads are required only for manuscripts being submitted for publication. Running heads are not required for student papers unless the instructor or institution requests them; thus, the header for a student paper includes only the page number.

Use the same running head on every page, including the title page; do not include the label "Running head" to identify the running head on any page.

To avoid ambiguity in attribution, use the first person rather than the third person when describing the work you did as part of your research and when expressing your own views.

If you are writing a paper by yourself, use the pronoun “I”; do not use the pronoun “we” to refer to yourself if you do not have coauthors (see also Section 4.17). If you are writing a paper with coauthors, use the pronoun “we.” Do not refer to yourself or your coauthors in the third person as “the author(s)” or “the researcher(s).”

Use the author–date citation system to cite references in the text in APA Style. In this system, each work used in a paper has two parts: an in-text citation and a corresponding reference list entry (see Figure 8.2).

括号引用（§8.11）：

Falsely balanced news coverage can distort the public’s perception of expert consensus on an issue (Koehler, 2016).

叙述引用（§8.11）：

Koehler (2016) noted the dangers of falsely balanced news coverage.

参考文献表：

Koehler, D. J. (2016). Can journalistic “false balance” distort public perception of consensus in expert opinion? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 22(1), 24–38. https://doi.org/10.1037/xap0000073

心理学方法课，教学大纲未作说明

院系默认是APA 7学生论文。标题页写课程和截止日期。不要页眉。用References，不用Works Cited。对照教师布置的近文确认。

关于心理学回忆录的英语研讨课，教学大纲写MLA

使用MLA第9版。题材是心理学；读者是需要页级定位的文学研讨课。学科惯例败给作业。

投往Review of Educational Research的EdD章节

APA 7引用加上RER内部规则：匿名审稿文件、12磅Times New Roman、全大写页眉、65页上限。这是专业论文，不是学生标题页。

引用JAMA试验的护理论文

若教学大纲写APA，你的课程论文仍是APA 7。那篇 JAMA 文章本身按AMA 11撰写。用APA引用该试验；不要把JAMA上标贴进APA参考文献表。