如何引用无作者的来源

APA 7 官方缺作者表：

Title. (Date). Source.

APA 7 官方正文表：

(Title, year)

MLA 9 官方网页：

"English Language Arts Standards." Common Core State Standards Initiative, 2017, www.corestandards.org/ELA-Literacy/.

MLA 9 官方正文：

The homily argues that rebelling against the English monarch amounts to rebelling against God (“Homily” 97).

Chicago 18 官方匿名书籍：

1. A True and Sincere Declaration of the Purpose and Ends of the Plantation Begun in Virginia, of the Degrees Which It Hath Received, and Means by Which It Hath Been Advanced (London, 1610).

Chicago 18 网页注释与参考文献：

注释通常以页面标题开头。参考文献在有所有者时仍列出网站所有者。

Review a source carefully before deciding that it has no author. It’s important to credit authors for their work.

If a publication issued by an organization, association, commission, or corporation carries no personal author’s name on the title page, the organization is listed as author in the bibliography, even if it is also given as publisher.

作者与网站相同：

American Nurses Association. (n.d.). Health work environment. https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/work-environment/

具体机构，上级在来源中：

National Institute of Nursing Research. (2024, April 12). Exploring the recovery journey of trauma patients. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. https://www.ninr.nih.gov/newsandevents/featured-research/exploring-recovery-journey-trauma-patients

括号式：

(American Nurses Association, n.d.; National Institute of Nursing Research, 2024)

法人作者，出版者不同：

Hart Research Associates. It Takes More Than a Major: Employer Priorities for College Learning and Student Success. Association of American Colleges and Universities, 2013, www.aacu.org/publications-research/periodicals/it-takes-more-major-employer-priorities-college-learning-and.

同一组织既是作者又是出版者：

Reading at Risk: A Survey of Literary Reading in America. National Endowment for the Arts, June 2004.

Hart 报告的正文：

Eighty percent of employers believe that all college students “should acquire broad knowledge in the liberal arts and sciences” (Hart).

For a missing author, do not use “Anonymous” as the author unless the work is actually signed “Anonymous.” If the work is signed “Anonymous,” use “Anonymous” in the reference and in-text citation.

If the work is not actually signed “Anonymous,” the title moves to the beginning of the reference and is used in place of the author name, as shown in the table.

参考文献：

Anonymous. (2017). Stories from my time as a spy. Bond Publishers.

括号式：

(Anonymous, 2017)

叙述式：

Anonymous (2017)

When a work is published without an author’s name, begin the works-cited-list entry with the title of the work. Do not use Anonymous in place of an author’s name:

If the author or editor is unknown, the note or bibliography entry should normally begin with the title. An initial article is ignored in alphabetizing.

Although the use of Anonymous is generally to be avoided for works with no attribution, it may stand in place of the author’s name in a bibliography in which several anonymous works need to be grouped.

参考文献：

Title. (Date). Source.

括号式：

(Title, year)

叙述式：

Title (year)

作者和日期都缺失：

Title. (n.d.). Source.

In general, the title is italicized for a work that stands alone (e.g., book, report, webpage on a website), and some part of the source is italicized for a work that is part of a greater whole (e.g., journal article, newspaper article).

参考文献：

Oil painting. (2019, December 8). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oil_painting&oldid=929802398

括号式：

("Oil Painting," 2019)

叙述式：

"Oil Painting" (2019)

参考文献（套用 APA 7，不是官方 APA 标本）：

Why big tech should fear Europe. (2019, March 23). The Economist. https://www.economist.com/leaders/2019/03/23/why-big-tech-should-fear-europe

括号式：

("Why Big Tech Should Fear Europe," 2019)

叙述式：

"Why Big Tech Should Fear Europe" (2019)

网页：

"English Language Arts Standards." Common Core State Standards Initiative, 2017, www.corestandards.org/ELA-Literacy/.

选集中的未署名早期现代文本：

"An Homily against Disobedience and Wylful Rebellion." 1570. Divine Right and Democracy: An Anthology of Political Writing in Stuart England, edited by David Wootton, Penguin Books, 1986, pp. 94–98.

布道的正文：

The homily argues that rebelling against the English monarch amounts to rebelling against God (“Homily” 97).

作品引用：

"Why Big Tech Should Fear Europe." The Economist, 23 Mar. 2019, www.economist.com/leaders/2019/03/23/why-big-tech-should-fear-europe.

点名期刊：

According to The Economist, “[I]f you want to understand where the world’s most powerful industry is heading, look not to Washington and California, but to Brussels and Berlin” (“Why”).

叙述加括号：

The Modern Language Association recommends formatting a recommended reading list the same way you format a works-cited list (“How”).

作品引用：

“How Do I Format a Recommended Reading List?” The MLA Style Center, Modern Language Association of America, 20 Mar. 2019, style.mla.org/format-recommended-reading-list/.

In the notes, the title will usually come first (as in the examples above); in a bibliography entry, the source should be listed under the owner or sponsor of the site.

注释：

1. A True and Sincere Declaration of the Purpose and Ends of the Plantation Begun in Virginia, of the Degrees Which It Hath Received, and Means by Which It Hath Been Advanced (London, 1610).

参考文献：

A True and Sincere Declaration of the Purpose and Ends of the Plantation Begun in Virginia, of the Degrees Which It Hath Received, and Means by Which It Hath Been Advanced. London, 1610.

作者-日期括号式（由参考文献第一要素套用）：

(True and Sincere Declaration 1610)

注释：

1. [James Hawkes?], A Retrospect of the Boston Tea-Party, with a Memoir of George R. T. Hewes, by a Citizen of New-York (New York, 1834), 128-29.

参考文献：

[Hawkes, James?]. A Retrospect of the Boston Tea-Party, with a Memoir of George R. T. Hewes. By a Citizen of New-York. New York, 1834.

It is often sufficient simply to describe web pages and other website content in the text (“As of November 15, 2023, Google’s privacy policy stated . . .”).

注释：

1. “Privacy Policy,” Privacy & Terms, Google, effective November 15, https://policies.google.com/privacy.

缩短注释：

2. Google, “Privacy Policy.”

参考文献：

Google. “Privacy Policy.” Privacy & Terms. Effective November 15, 2023. https://policies.google.com/privacy.

作者-日期参考文献，Author-Date 指南的 UTRGV 转载：

Google. 2023. “Privacy Policy.” Privacy & Terms. Effective November 15. https://policies.google.com/privacy.

作者-日期正文：

(Google 2023)

注释，访问日期：

3. “About Yale: Yale Facts,” Yale University, accessed March 8, 2022, https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

注释，Wayback Machine：

3. “About Yale: Yale Facts,” Yale University, archived March 8, 2022, at https://web.archive.org/web/20220308143337/https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

参考文献，访问日期：

Yale University. “About Yale: Yale Facts.” Accessed March 8, 2022. https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

注释：

2. “Wikipedia: Manual of Style,” Wikimedia Foundation, last modified December 19, 2023, 21:54 (UTC), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style.

参考文献：

Wikimedia Foundation. “Wikipedia: Manual of Style.” Last modified December 19, 2023, at 21:54 (UTC). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style.