如何引用团体作者（以组织为作者）

APA 7 参考文献：

团体名称. (年份). 报告标题 (Report No. 123). 若与作者不同则写出版社. https://xxxxx

APA 7 首次文内引用：

(团体名称 [ABBR], 年份) — 之后：(ABBR, 年份)

MLA 9 作品引用，出版社不同：

团体名称. 报告标题. 出版社, 年份.

MLA 9 作品引用，作者即出版社：

报告标题. 团体名称, 年份.

MLA 9 文内：

(团体名称 12) 或 (报告标题 12) — 对应作品引用条目开头的那个要素

Chicago 18 注释：

1. 团体名称, 报告标题 (出版社, 年份), 12.

Chicago 18 书目：

团体名称. 报告标题. 出版社, 年份.

Chicago 18 author-date：

团体名称. 年份. 报告标题. 出版社. — 引用为 (团体名称 年份, 12)

If the names of individuals are presented on the title page or cover, treat the work as having individual authors.

If only the name of the group is presented on the title page or cover, treat the work as having a group author, even if individuals are credited elsewhere in the work (e.g., in an acknowledgments section).

Spell out the full name of a group author in the reference list entry, followed by a period.

An abbreviation for the group author can be used in the text (e.g., NIMH for National Institute of Mental Health); however, do not include an abbreviation for a group author in a reference list entry.

Correct: National Institute of Mental Health.

Incorrect: National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH).

Incorrect: NIMH.

参考文献：

World Health Organization. (2025). Global report on neglected tropical diseases. https://iris.who.int/server/api/core/bitstreams/9c4655d8-3671-4503-ae51-4a80bb44d5e0/content

首次括号引用：

(World Health Organization [WHO], 2025)

之后的括号引用：

(WHO, 2025)

首次叙述引用：

World Health Organization (WHO, 2025)

之后的叙述引用：

WHO (2025)

You are not obligated to abbreviate the name of a group author, but you can if the abbreviation is well-known, will help avoid cumbersome repetition, or will appear at least three times in the paper.

When the author and the publisher of the press release are the same, omit the publisher to avoid repetition, as shown in the example.

官方 FDA 新闻稿（Alamo 转载）：

U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2019, November 15). FDA approves first contact lens indicated to slow the progression of nearsightedness in children [Press release]. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-contact-lens-indicated-slow-progression-nearsightedness-children

官方 APA 新闻稿（Common Reference Examples，2026 年 3 月 3 日）：

American Psychological Association. (2024, April 11). People who use willpower alone to achieve goals, resist temptation, deemed more trustworthy [Press release]. https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2024/04/people-who-use-willpower

官方 APA 词典条目（Common Reference Examples，§10.3）：

American Psychological Association. (2018). Internet addiction. In APA dictionary of psychology. https://dictionary.apa.org/internet-addiction

词典条目的首次文内引用：

(American Psychological Association [APA], 2018)

之后的文内引用：

(APA, 2018)

When numerous layers of government agencies are listed as the author of a work, use the most specific agency as the author in the reference (e.g., use "National Institute of Nursing Research" rather than "U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Nursing Research"). The names of parent agencies not present in the group author name appear in the source element as the publisher.

参考文献：

National Cancer Institute. (2019). Taking time: Support for people with cancer (NIH Publication No. 18-2059). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/takingtime.pdf

括号：

(National Cancer Institute, 2019)

叙述：

National Cancer Institute (2019)

For works created by a corporate author—an institution, a government body, or another kind of organization—list that entity as the author:

Hart Research Associates. It Takes More Than a Major: Employer Priorities for College Learning and Student Success. Association of American Colleges and Universities, 2013, www.aacu.org/publications-research/periodicals/it-takes-more-major-employer-priorities-college-learning-and.

An exception: if a corporate author is also the work’s publisher, list that entity as the publisher and skip the Author element:

Reading at Risk: A Survey of Literary Reading in America. National Endowment for the Arts, June 2004.

Cite these works in your text by title or by corporate author—that is, by the first item in the works-cited-list entry:

Eighty percent of employers believe that all college students "should acquire broad knowledge in the liberal arts and sciences" (Hart).

作品引用（官方 Style Center）：

Reading at Risk: A Survey of Literary Reading in America. National Endowment for the Arts, June 2004.

对应题名的文内引用：

(Reading at Risk 3)

不要写成：

National Endowment for the Arts. Reading at Risk: A Survey of Literary Reading in America. National Endowment for the Arts, June 2004.

No. The text should always key to the list of works cited. You can provide the key in the parenthetical citation or in your text. Below are two acceptable ways to cite the MLA Handbook:

According to the Modern Language Association of America, documentation should be useful to readers (MLA Handbook 4).

According to the MLA Handbook, documentation should be useful to readers (4).

The following two examples are insufficient, because MLA Handbook, the title of the work that begins the works-cited-list entry, is not mentioned:

Documentation should be useful to readers (Modern Language Association 4).

The Modern Language Association of America says that documentation should be useful to readers (4).

MLA Handbook. 8th ed., Modern Language Association of America, 2016.

在叙述中写全名（首选）：

Eighty percent of employers believe that all college students "should acquire broad knowledge in the liberal arts and sciences" (Hart).

题名优先条目，对应题名：

According to Reading at Risk, fewer than half of American adults read literature (3).

不要写成：

(NEA 3) 或 (National Endowment for the Arts 3)（当作品引用条目以 Reading at Risk 开头时）

注释（University of Memphis CMOS 18 转载，2026 年 5 月 15 日）：

1. University of Chicago Press, The Chicago Manual of Style, 18th ed. (University of Chicago Press, 2024), 13.86. https://doi.org/10.7208/cmos18.

书目：

University of Chicago Press. The Chicago Manual of Style, 18th ed. University of Chicago Press, 2024. https://doi.org/10.7208/cmos18.

注释：

1. "Privacy Policy," Privacy & Terms, Google, effective November 15, https://policies.google.com/privacy.

书目：

Google. "Privacy Policy." Privacy & Terms. Effective November 15, 2023. https://policies.google.com/privacy.

注释：

2. "Wikipedia: Manual of Style," Wikimedia Foundation, last modified December 19, 2023, 21:54 (UTC), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style.

书目：

Wikimedia Foundation. "Wikipedia: Manual of Style." Last modified December 19, 2023, at 21:54 (UTC). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style.

注释（无日期；需要访问日期）：

3. "About Yale: Yale Facts," Yale University, accessed March 8, 2022, https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

书目：

Yale University. "About Yale: Yale Facts." Accessed March 8, 2022. https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

参考文献表：

Google. 2023. "Privacy Policy." Privacy & Terms. Effective November 15. https://policies.google.com/privacy.

文内：

(Google 2023)

参考文献表：

Wikimedia Foundation. 2023. "Wikipedia: Manual of Style." Last modified December 19, at 21:54 (UTC). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style.

文内：

(Wikimedia Foundation 2022)

参考文献表（n.d. 加访问日期）：

Yale University. n.d. "About Yale: Yale Facts." Accessed March 8, 2022. https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

参考文献表，缩写在前：

WHO (World Health Organization). 2018. Global Status Report on Road Safety 2018. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2018/en/.

使用缩写的文内引用：

(WHO 2018)

参考文献表，全名（从不缩写时）：

World Health Organization. 2018. Global Status Report on Road Safety 2018. World Health Organization.

使用全名的文内引用：

(World Health Organization 2018, 12)