如何引用无日期的来源

APA 7 官方表，日期缺失：

Author. (n.d.). Title. Source.

APA 7 官方正文表：

(Author, n.d.)

APA 7 官方表，作者与日期均缺失：

Title. (n.d.). Source.

MLA 9 文献目录，无可找回日期：

Author. "Title of Page." Website Name, URL. Accessed Day Month Year.

MLA 9 正文：

(Author) or ("Short Title") — never (Author, n.d.)

Chicago 18 注释：

1. "Title of Page," Site Owner, accessed Month Day, Year, https://xxxxx.

Chicago 18 author-date：

Site Owner. n.d. "Title of Page." Accessed Month Day, Year. https://xxxxx.

Chicago 18 正文：

(Site Owner n.d.) — space, not a comma, before n.d.

For webpages and websites, use the date of last publication or last update. Do not use the copyright date from a webpage footer or the date of last review. If the date is unknown or cannot be determined, write "n.d." as the date.

As the MLA Handbook notes, "When a source carries more than one date, cite the date that is most meaningful or most relevant to your use of the source" (42).

Thus, if you are citing a work on the web that lists both an original publication date and a last-updated date, use the last-updated date or, if provided instead, the last-reviewed date. Providing the last-updated or last-reviewed date lets your reader know that the information you are citing is current.

If the web page you are citing does not provide a publication date, you should use the copyright date as the publication date in your works-cited-list entry, just as you would use the date on the copyright page of a book whose title page does not show a publication date. If the copyright date is given as a range of years, use only the last year in the range as the publication date.

For a work with no date, use "n.d." in both the reference list entry and the in-text citation.

参考文献：

Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Semantics. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved January 4, 2020, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/semantics

括号：

(Merriam-Webster, n.d.)

叙述：

Merriam-Webster (n.d.)

带定位的官方引文：

Semantics refers to the "study of meanings" (Merriam-Webster, n.d., Definition 1).

有日期的词典，因此不是无日期情形：

American Psychological Association. (2018). Internet addiction. In APA dictionary of psychology. https://dictionary.apa.org/internet-addiction

参考文献：

American Psychological Association. (n.d.). Just-world hypothesis. In APA dictionary of psychology. Retrieved January 18, 2020, from https://dictionary.apa.org/just-world-hypothesis

括号：

(American Psychological Association, n.d.)

叙述：

American Psychological Association (n.d.)

参考文献（按标题字母顺序）：

Merriam-Webster. (n.d.-a). Reflective. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved September 6, 2021, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/reflective

Merriam-Webster. (n.d.-b). Semantics. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved September 6, 2021, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/semantics

正文：

(Merriam-Webster, n.d.-a); (Merriam-Webster, n.d.-b)

参考文献：

Worldometer. (n.d.). Current world population. Retrieved October 17, 2025, from https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/

括号：

(Worldometer, n.d.)

叙述：

Worldometer (n.d.)

参考文献：

American Psychological Association. (n.d.). Data sharing [Infographic]. https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/data-sharing-infographic.pdf

括号：

(American Psychological Association, n.d.)

参考文献（官方 n.d.，不要用现行 Pushkin 印记替换）：

Santos, L. (Host). (n.d.). Psychopaths and superheroes (No. 1) [Audio podcast episode]. In The happiness lab with Dr. Laurie Santos. Pushkin Industries. https://www.happinesslab.fm/season-2-episodes/episode-1

括号：

(Santos, n.d.)

现行遗留，不是第二条官方字符串：

The official URL 301s to https://www.pushkin.fm/podcasts/the-happiness-lab-with-dr-laurie-santos/psychopaths-and-superheroes, whose datePublished stamp is 27 April 2020. Do not rewrite APA's n.d.

参考文献（首选）：

Oil painting. (2019, December 8). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oil_painting&oldid=929802398

括号：

("Oil Painting," 2019)

叙述：

"Oil Painting" (2019)

仅当该维基没有永久修订时：

Oil painting. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved December 8, 2019, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_painting

Most references do not require retrieval dates. Include a retrieval date only when (a) a work is inherently designed to change over time (e.g., a Facebook profile page) and (b) you are citing an unarchived version of the work, as described in Section 9.16 of the Publication Manual.

If the web source you are citing does not list a publication date, omit the "Publication date" element from your entry. You may, however, wish to include an access date in the optional-element slot.

文献目录：

"Orhan Pamuk: Un écrivain turc à succès." Orhan Pamuk Site, İletişm Publishing, orhanpamuk.net/book.aspx?id=10&lng=eng. Accessed 25 Oct. 2015.

正文：

("Orhan Pamuk")

文献目录，有日期的姊妹页（不是无日期情形）：

Barolini, Teodolinda. "Inferno 10: Love in Hell." Digital Dante, edited by Barolini, Columbia University Libraries, 2018, digitaldante.columbia.edu/dante/divine-comedy/inferno/inferno-10/.

文献目录，无出版日期：

"Image." Digital Dante, edited by Teodolinda Barolini, Columbia University Libraries, digitaldante.columbia.edu/image/. Accessed 23 Apr. 2025.

正文：

("Image")

有作者：

(Pamuk)

无作者，缩短标题：

("Orhan Pamuk")

不要写：

(Pamuk, n.d.)

It is often sufficient simply to describe web pages and other website content in the text ("As of November 15, 2023, Google's privacy policy stated . . ."). If a more formal citation is needed, it may be styled like the examples below. If a source does not list a date of publication or revision, include an access date. Alternatively, if a publicly available archive of the content has been saved using the Internet Archive's Wayback Machine or similar service, the link for that version may be cited.

注释：

1. "Privacy Policy," Privacy & Terms, Google, effective November 15, https://policies.google.com/privacy.

参考文献：

Google. "Privacy Policy." Privacy & Terms. Effective November 15, 2023. https://policies.google.com/privacy.

author-date 参考文献：

Google. 2023. "Privacy Policy." Privacy & Terms. Effective November 15. https://policies.google.com/privacy.

author-date 正文：

(Google 2023)

注释：

1. "Wikipedia: Manual of Style," Wikimedia Foundation, last modified December 19, 2023, 21:54 (UTC), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style.

参考文献：

Wikimedia Foundation. "Wikipedia: Manual of Style." Last modified December 19, 2023, at 21:54 (UTC). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style.

author-date 参考文献：

Wikimedia Foundation. 2023. "Wikipedia: Manual of Style." Last modified December 19, at 21:54 (UTC). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style.

author-date 正文：

(Wikimedia Foundation 2023)

注释，访问日期：

1. "About Yale: Yale Facts," Yale University, accessed March 8, 2022, https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

注释，Wayback 快照（存在时首选）：

2. "About Yale: Yale Facts," Yale University, archived March 8, 2022, at https://web.archive.org/web/20220308143337/https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

缩短注释：

3. "Yale Facts."

参考文献，访问日期：

Yale University. "About Yale: Yale Facts." Accessed March 8, 2022. https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

参考文献，Wayback：

Yale University. "About Yale: Yale Facts." Archived March 8, 2022, at https://web.archive.org/web/20220308143337/https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

If a source does not list a date of publication or revision, use n.d. (for "no date") in place of the year and include an access date. Alternatively, if a publicly available archive of the content has been saved using the Internet Archive's Wayback Machine or similar service, the link for that version may be cited.

参考文献列表：

Yale University. n.d. "About Yale: Yale Facts." Accessed March 8, 2022. https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

参考文献列表，Wayback：

Yale University. n.d. "About Yale: Yale Facts." Archived March 8, 2022, at https://web.archive.org/web/20220308143337/https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

正文：

(Yale University n.d.)

参考文献列表：

ELP (Endangered Languages Project). n.d. "Balkan Romani." First Peoples' Cultural Council and ELCat/ELP, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa. Accessed October 1, 2022. https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/5342.

正文：

(ELP n.d.)

• 我查找过属于本页的署名、updated、last-modified 或 effective 日期。
• 我检查过 URL 和页面源代码中的日期印记。
• 我按自己的体例套用了正确的版权规则（APA：通常忽略页脚；MLA：使用最后一年）。
• 除非页面也改过，我在 APA 中忽略了 "last reviewed"。
• 只要能够，我存档了维基修订或 Wayback 快照，使来源现在有日期。
• 只有在这些步骤失败之后，我才使用 n.d. 或省略日期。
• 我只为未存档、被设计为会变化的作品添加 APA 检索日期，而不是每个 n.d. 网址。
• 我把正文形式与参考文献对齐：APA 在 n.d. 前用逗号；Chicago author-date 用空格；MLA 完全不写 n.d.