団体著者の引用方法（組織を著者として）

APA 7 参考文献:

団体名. (年). 報告書のタイトル (Report No. 123). 著者と異なる場合は出版社. https://xxxxx

APA 7 最初の本文中引用:

(団体名 [ABBR], 年) — 以降: (ABBR, 年)

MLA 9 著作引用、別の出版社:

団体名. 報告書のタイトル. 出版社, 年.

MLA 9 著作引用、著者が出版社である場合:

報告書のタイトル. 団体名, 年.

MLA 9 本文中:

(団体名 12) または (報告書のタイトル 12) — 著作引用項目の先頭要素に合わせる

Chicago 18 注:

1. 団体名, 報告書のタイトル (出版社, 年), 12.

Chicago 18 書誌:

団体名. 報告書のタイトル. 出版社, 年.

Chicago 18 author-date:

団体名. 年. 報告書のタイトル. 出版社. — (団体名 年, 12) として引用する

If the names of individuals are presented on the title page or cover, treat the work as having individual authors.

If only the name of the group is presented on the title page or cover, treat the work as having a group author, even if individuals are credited elsewhere in the work (e.g., in an acknowledgments section).

Spell out the full name of a group author in the reference list entry, followed by a period.

An abbreviation for the group author can be used in the text (e.g., NIMH for National Institute of Mental Health); however, do not include an abbreviation for a group author in a reference list entry.

Correct: National Institute of Mental Health.

Incorrect: National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH).

Incorrect: NIMH.

参考文献:

World Health Organization. (2025). Global report on neglected tropical diseases. https://iris.who.int/server/api/core/bitstreams/9c4655d8-3671-4503-ae51-4a80bb44d5e0/content

最初の括弧内引用:

(World Health Organization [WHO], 2025)

以降の括弧内引用:

(WHO, 2025)

最初の叙述引用:

World Health Organization (WHO, 2025)

以降の叙述引用:

WHO (2025)

You are not obligated to abbreviate the name of a group author, but you can if the abbreviation is well-known, will help avoid cumbersome repetition, or will appear at least three times in the paper.

When the author and the publisher of the press release are the same, omit the publisher to avoid repetition, as shown in the example.

公式FDAプレスリリース（Alamo 再掲）:

U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2019, November 15). FDA approves first contact lens indicated to slow the progression of nearsightedness in children [Press release]. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-contact-lens-indicated-slow-progression-nearsightedness-children

公式APAプレスリリース（Common Reference Examples、2026年3月3日）:

American Psychological Association. (2024, April 11). People who use willpower alone to achieve goals, resist temptation, deemed more trustworthy [Press release]. https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2024/04/people-who-use-willpower

公式APA辞書項目（Common Reference Examples、§10.3）:

American Psychological Association. (2018). Internet addiction. In APA dictionary of psychology. https://dictionary.apa.org/internet-addiction

辞書項目の最初の本文中引用:

(American Psychological Association [APA], 2018)

以降の本文中引用:

(APA, 2018)

When numerous layers of government agencies are listed as the author of a work, use the most specific agency as the author in the reference (e.g., use "National Institute of Nursing Research" rather than "U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Nursing Research"). The names of parent agencies not present in the group author name appear in the source element as the publisher.

参考文献:

National Cancer Institute. (2019). Taking time: Support for people with cancer (NIH Publication No. 18-2059). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/takingtime.pdf

括弧内:

(National Cancer Institute, 2019)

叙述:

National Cancer Institute (2019)

For works created by a corporate author—an institution, a government body, or another kind of organization—list that entity as the author:

Hart Research Associates. It Takes More Than a Major: Employer Priorities for College Learning and Student Success. Association of American Colleges and Universities, 2013, www.aacu.org/publications-research/periodicals/it-takes-more-major-employer-priorities-college-learning-and.

An exception: if a corporate author is also the work’s publisher, list that entity as the publisher and skip the Author element:

Reading at Risk: A Survey of Literary Reading in America. National Endowment for the Arts, June 2004.

Cite these works in your text by title or by corporate author—that is, by the first item in the works-cited-list entry:

Eighty percent of employers believe that all college students "should acquire broad knowledge in the liberal arts and sciences" (Hart).

著作引用（公式 Style Center）:

Reading at Risk: A Survey of Literary Reading in America. National Endowment for the Arts, June 2004.

タイトルに合わせた本文中引用:

(Reading at Risk 3)

こう書かない:

National Endowment for the Arts. Reading at Risk: A Survey of Literary Reading in America. National Endowment for the Arts, June 2004.

No. The text should always key to the list of works cited. You can provide the key in the parenthetical citation or in your text. Below are two acceptable ways to cite the MLA Handbook:

According to the Modern Language Association of America, documentation should be useful to readers (MLA Handbook 4).

According to the MLA Handbook, documentation should be useful to readers (4).

The following two examples are insufficient, because MLA Handbook, the title of the work that begins the works-cited-list entry, is not mentioned:

Documentation should be useful to readers (Modern Language Association 4).

The Modern Language Association of America says that documentation should be useful to readers (4).

MLA Handbook. 8th ed., Modern Language Association of America, 2016.

地の文に正式名称（推奨）:

Eighty percent of employers believe that all college students "should acquire broad knowledge in the liberal arts and sciences" (Hart).

タイトル先行項目、タイトルに合わせる:

According to Reading at Risk, fewer than half of American adults read literature (3).

こう書かない:

(NEA 3) または (National Endowment for the Arts 3)（著作引用項目が Reading at Risk で始まるとき）

注（University of Memphis CMOS 18 再掲、2026年5月15日）:

1. University of Chicago Press, The Chicago Manual of Style, 18th ed. (University of Chicago Press, 2024), 13.86. https://doi.org/10.7208/cmos18.

書誌:

University of Chicago Press. The Chicago Manual of Style, 18th ed. University of Chicago Press, 2024. https://doi.org/10.7208/cmos18.

注:

1. "Privacy Policy," Privacy & Terms, Google, effective November 15, https://policies.google.com/privacy.

書誌:

Google. "Privacy Policy." Privacy & Terms. Effective November 15, 2023. https://policies.google.com/privacy.

注:

2. "Wikipedia: Manual of Style," Wikimedia Foundation, last modified December 19, 2023, 21:54 (UTC), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style.

書誌:

Wikimedia Foundation. "Wikipedia: Manual of Style." Last modified December 19, 2023, at 21:54 (UTC). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style.

注（日付なし。アクセス日が必要）:

3. "About Yale: Yale Facts," Yale University, accessed March 8, 2022, https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

書誌:

Yale University. "About Yale: Yale Facts." Accessed March 8, 2022. https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

参考文献リスト:

Google. 2023. "Privacy Policy." Privacy & Terms. Effective November 15. https://policies.google.com/privacy.

本文中:

(Google 2023)

参考文献リスト:

Wikimedia Foundation. 2023. "Wikipedia: Manual of Style." Last modified December 19, at 21:54 (UTC). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style.

本文中:

(Wikimedia Foundation 2022)

参考文献リスト（n.d. とアクセス日）:

Yale University. n.d. "About Yale: Yale Facts." Accessed March 8, 2022. https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

参考文献リスト、略語を先に:

WHO (World Health Organization). 2018. Global Status Report on Road Safety 2018. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2018/en/.

略語を使った本文中引用:

(WHO 2018)

参考文献リスト、正式名称（一度も略さないとき）:

World Health Organization. 2018. Global Status Report on Road Safety 2018. World Health Organization.

正式名称を使った本文中引用:

(World Health Organization 2018, 12)