著者のない出典の引用方法

APA 7 公式の著者欠落表:

Title. (Date). Source.

APA 7 公式の本文表:

(Title, year)

MLA 9 公式のウェブページ:

"English Language Arts Standards." Common Core State Standards Initiative, 2017, www.corestandards.org/ELA-Literacy/.

MLA 9 公式の本文:

The homily argues that rebelling against the English monarch amounts to rebelling against God (“Homily” 97).

Chicago 18 公式の匿名の本:

1. A True and Sincere Declaration of the Purpose and Ends of the Plantation Begun in Virginia, of the Degrees Which It Hath Received, and Means by Which It Hath Been Advanced (London, 1610).

Chicago 18 のウェブ注と書誌:

注は通常、ページタイトルから始まります。書誌は、所有者がいればサイト所有者を依然として載せます。

Review a source carefully before deciding that it has no author. It’s important to credit authors for their work.

If a publication issued by an organization, association, commission, or corporation carries no personal author’s name on the title page, the organization is listed as author in the bibliography, even if it is also given as publisher.

著者とサイトが同じ:

American Nurses Association. (n.d.). Health work environment. https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/work-environment/

特定の機関、出典に上位機関:

National Institute of Nursing Research. (2024, April 12). Exploring the recovery journey of trauma patients. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. https://www.ninr.nih.gov/newsandevents/featured-research/exploring-recovery-journey-trauma-patients

括弧内:

(American Nurses Association, n.d.; National Institute of Nursing Research, 2024)

法人著者、別の出版社:

Hart Research Associates. It Takes More Than a Major: Employer Priorities for College Learning and Student Success. Association of American Colleges and Universities, 2013, www.aacu.org/publications-research/periodicals/it-takes-more-major-employer-priorities-college-learning-and.

同じ組織が著者かつ出版社:

Reading at Risk: A Survey of Literary Reading in America. National Endowment for the Arts, June 2004.

Hart 報告書の本文:

Eighty percent of employers believe that all college students “should acquire broad knowledge in the liberal arts and sciences” (Hart).

For a missing author, do not use “Anonymous” as the author unless the work is actually signed “Anonymous.” If the work is signed “Anonymous,” use “Anonymous” in the reference and in-text citation.

If the work is not actually signed “Anonymous,” the title moves to the beginning of the reference and is used in place of the author name, as shown in the table.

参考文献:

Anonymous. (2017). Stories from my time as a spy. Bond Publishers.

括弧内:

(Anonymous, 2017)

叙述:

Anonymous (2017)

When a work is published without an author’s name, begin the works-cited-list entry with the title of the work. Do not use Anonymous in place of an author’s name:

If the author or editor is unknown, the note or bibliography entry should normally begin with the title. An initial article is ignored in alphabetizing.

Although the use of Anonymous is generally to be avoided for works with no attribution, it may stand in place of the author’s name in a bibliography in which several anonymous works need to be grouped.

参考文献:

Title. (Date). Source.

括弧内:

(Title, year)

叙述:

Title (year)

著者と日付の両方が欠落:

Title. (n.d.). Source.

In general, the title is italicized for a work that stands alone (e.g., book, report, webpage on a website), and some part of the source is italicized for a work that is part of a greater whole (e.g., journal article, newspaper article).

参考文献:

Oil painting. (2019, December 8). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oil_painting&oldid=929802398

括弧内:

("Oil Painting," 2019)

叙述:

"Oil Painting" (2019)

参考文献（適用した APA 7、公式 APA 標本ではない）:

Why big tech should fear Europe. (2019, March 23). The Economist. https://www.economist.com/leaders/2019/03/23/why-big-tech-should-fear-europe

括弧内:

("Why Big Tech Should Fear Europe," 2019)

叙述:

"Why Big Tech Should Fear Europe" (2019)

ウェブページ:

"English Language Arts Standards." Common Core State Standards Initiative, 2017, www.corestandards.org/ELA-Literacy/.

アンソロジー所収の無署名の近世初期テクスト:

"An Homily against Disobedience and Wylful Rebellion." 1570. Divine Right and Democracy: An Anthology of Political Writing in Stuart England, edited by David Wootton, Penguin Books, 1986, pp. 94–98.

説教の本文:

The homily argues that rebelling against the English monarch amounts to rebelling against God (“Homily” 97).

作品引用:

"Why Big Tech Should Fear Europe." The Economist, 23 Mar. 2019, www.economist.com/leaders/2019/03/23/why-big-tech-should-fear-europe.

定期刊行物を名指しする:

According to The Economist, “[I]f you want to understand where the world’s most powerful industry is heading, look not to Washington and California, but to Brussels and Berlin” (“Why”).

散文と括弧:

The Modern Language Association recommends formatting a recommended reading list the same way you format a works-cited list (“How”).

作品引用:

“How Do I Format a Recommended Reading List?” The MLA Style Center, Modern Language Association of America, 20 Mar. 2019, style.mla.org/format-recommended-reading-list/.

In the notes, the title will usually come first (as in the examples above); in a bibliography entry, the source should be listed under the owner or sponsor of the site.

注:

1. A True and Sincere Declaration of the Purpose and Ends of the Plantation Begun in Virginia, of the Degrees Which It Hath Received, and Means by Which It Hath Been Advanced (London, 1610).

書誌:

A True and Sincere Declaration of the Purpose and Ends of the Plantation Begun in Virginia, of the Degrees Which It Hath Received, and Means by Which It Hath Been Advanced. London, 1610.

author-date の括弧（書誌の先頭要素から適用）:

(True and Sincere Declaration 1610)

注:

1. [James Hawkes?], A Retrospect of the Boston Tea-Party, with a Memoir of George R. T. Hewes, by a Citizen of New-York (New York, 1834), 128-29.

書誌:

[Hawkes, James?]. A Retrospect of the Boston Tea-Party, with a Memoir of George R. T. Hewes. By a Citizen of New-York. New York, 1834.

It is often sufficient simply to describe web pages and other website content in the text (“As of November 15, 2023, Google’s privacy policy stated . . .”).

注:

1. “Privacy Policy,” Privacy & Terms, Google, effective November 15, https://policies.google.com/privacy.

短縮注:

2. Google, “Privacy Policy.”

書誌:

Google. “Privacy Policy.” Privacy & Terms. Effective November 15, 2023. https://policies.google.com/privacy.

author-date 参考文献、Author-Date ガイドの UTRGV 再掲:

Google. 2023. “Privacy Policy.” Privacy & Terms. Effective November 15. https://policies.google.com/privacy.

author-date 本文:

(Google 2023)

注、アクセス日:

3. “About Yale: Yale Facts,” Yale University, accessed March 8, 2022, https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

注、Wayback Machine:

3. “About Yale: Yale Facts,” Yale University, archived March 8, 2022, at https://web.archive.org/web/20220308143337/https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

書誌、アクセス日:

Yale University. “About Yale: Yale Facts.” Accessed March 8, 2022. https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

注:

2. “Wikipedia: Manual of Style,” Wikimedia Foundation, last modified December 19, 2023, 21:54 (UTC), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style.

書誌:

Wikimedia Foundation. “Wikipedia: Manual of Style.” Last modified December 19, 2023, at 21:54 (UTC). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style.