同一著者・同一年の二つの著作を引用する方法

APA 7 参考文献:

Author, A. A. (Yeara). First title … / Author, A. A. (Yearb). Second title …

APA 7 本文中:

(Author, Yeara); (Author, Yearb); both at once (Author, Yeara, Yearb)

MLA 9 著作引用:

Author, First. First Title. … / ---. Second Title. …

MLA 9 本文中:

(Author, Short Title Page); (Author, "Short Article" Page)

Chicago 18 短縮注:

2. Author, "Short Title," Page. / 3. Author, "Other Short Title," Page.

Chicago 18 書誌:

Author, First. "First Title." … / Author, First. "Second Title." … (name repeated; no 3-em dash)

Chicago 18 author-date:

Author, First. Yeara. … / Author, First. Yearb. … and (Author Yeara, Page)

To distinguish between these works, put a lowercase letter after the year in both the in-text citation and the reference list.

Letter format for references with years is "2020a," "2020b."

Letter format for references with no date is "n.d.-a," "n.d.-b."

Letter format for references in-press is "in press-a," "in press-b."

Assigning letters is a two-step process. First, compare dates. References with only a year precede those with more specific dates, and specific dates are placed in chronological order.

Arrange works with the same author(s) and same year alphabetically by title in the reference list. This then determines which references uses a, b, c etc.

However, if references with the same author and date are identified as articles in a series (e.g., Part 1 and Part 2), order the references in the series order, regardless of the titles' alphabetical order.

参考文献（タイトル順）:

Judge, T. A., & Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D. (2012a). General and specific measures in organizational behavior research: Considerations, examples, and recommendations for researchers. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(2), 161–174. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.764

Judge, T. A., & Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D. (2012b). On the value of aiming high: The causes and consequences of ambition. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(4), 758–775. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028084

括弧内、一つの著作:

(Judge & Kammeyer-Mueller, 2012a)

叙述:

Judge and Kammeyer-Mueller (2012b) found that …

二つの著作をまとめて:

(Judge & Kammeyer-Mueller, 2012a, 2012b)

2012aのページ範囲からの引用:

(Judge & Kammeyer-Mueller, 2012a, p. 169)

年だけが、より具体的な日付より前:

Azikiwe, H., & Bello, A. (2020a).

Azikiwe, H., & Bello, A. (2020b, March 26).

Azikiwe, H., & Bello, A. (2020c, April 2).

日付の種類をまたぐ一人の著者:

Patel, S. N. (n.d.).

Patel, S. N. (2016).

Patel, S. N. (2020a).

Patel, S. N. (2020b, April).

Patel, S. N. (in press).

参考文献、タイトル順:

Merriam-Webster. (n.d.-a). Reflective. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved September 6, 2021, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/reflective

Merriam-Webster. (n.d.-b). Semantics. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved September 6, 2021, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/semantics

本文中:

(Merriam-Webster, n.d.-a); (Merriam-Webster, n.d.-b)

印刷中のテンプレート（実在の論文ではない）:

Author, A. A. (in press-a). First forthcoming title. Journal Name.

Author, A. A. (in press-b). Second forthcoming title. Other Journal.

本文中、印刷中:

(Author, in press-a, in press-b)

According to the ninth edition of the MLA Handbook, three em dashes or three hyphens can take the place of identical names in consecutive works-cited-list entries (sec. 5.126), but using dashes and hyphens in that way can cause accessibility issues for users of screen readers and other assistive technologies.

With that in mind, future editions of the handbook will no longer recommend using dashes or hyphens. Instead, MLA style will advise repeating names in full in the Author element of consecutive works-cited-list entries, so the information is clear to everyone.

You are welcome to use either style—using dashes or hyphens, or writing out all names in full—in advance of the next handbook edition, as long as your instructor doesn’t object to your deviating from the guidance published in the ninth edition.

著作引用（タイトル順、第9版のハイフン）:

Morrison, Toni. Jazz. Knopf, 1992.

---. Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination. Harvard UP, 1992.

氏名を繰り返した同じリスト（すでに認められる）:

Morrison, Toni. Jazz. Knopf, 1992.

Morrison, Toni. Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination. Harvard UP, 1992.

括弧内:

(Morrison, Jazz 45)

(Morrison, Playing 17)

文中で著者を名指し:

Morrison describes that opening (Jazz 45).

文中で著者とタイトル:

In Jazz, Morrison describes that opening (45).

Chicago now prefers repeating the name of the author(s) rather than using a 3-em dash to stand in for repeated names in bibliographies or reference lists.

初出の注、著作1:

1. Hector Neff et al., "Methodological Issues in the Provenance Investigation of Early Formative Mesoamerican Ceramics," Latin American Antiquity 17, no. 1 (2006): 60, https://doi.org/10.2307/25063036.

初出の注、著作2:

2. Hector Neff et al., "Smokescreens in the Provenance Investigation of Early Formative Mesoamerican Ceramics," Latin American Antiquity 17, no. 1 (2006): 110, https://doi.org/10.2307/25063039.

短縮注:

3. Neff et al., "Methodological Issues," 62.

4. Neff et al., "Smokescreens," 112.

書誌（氏名を繰り返し、タイトル順）:

Neff, Hector, Jeffrey Blomster, Michael D. Glascock, et al. "Methodological Issues in the Provenance Investigation of Early Formative Mesoamerican Ceramics." Latin American Antiquity 17, no. 1 (2006): 54–76. https://doi.org/10.2307/25063036.

Neff, Hector, Jeffrey Blomster, Michael D. Glascock, et al. "Smokescreens in the Provenance Investigation of Early Formative Mesoamerican Ceramics." Latin American Antiquity 17, no. 1 (2006): 104–18. https://doi.org/10.2307/25063039.

If the works are by the same author, assign letters to the dates in your reference list and refer to them (Jones 2000a, 2000b).

Yes, you can use letters to differentiate the two articles in your text.

Because the first three authors are identical for those two articles (each of which lists thirteen authors), adding a and b after the year of publication would distinguish them in the text.

Alternatively, you could cite by title in the text (and omit the letters in the reference list entries and text citations):

参考文献リスト（CMOS Q&A、タイトル順）:

Neff, Hector, Jeffrey Blomster, Michael D. Glascock, et al. 2006a. "Methodological Issues in the Provenance Investigation of Early Formative Mesoamerican Ceramics." Latin American Antiquity 17 (1): 54–76. https://doi.org/10.2307/25063036.

Neff, Hector, Jeffrey Blomster, Michael D. Glascock, et al. 2006b. "Smokescreens in the Provenance Investigation of Early Formative Mesoamerican Ceramics." Latin American Antiquity 17 (1): 104–18. https://doi.org/10.2307/25063039.

本文中の引用（文字）:

(Neff et al. 2006a)

(Neff et al. 2006b)

本文中の引用（同じQ&Aのタイトル代替）:

(Neff et al., "Methodological Issues," 2006)

(Neff et al., "Smokescreens," 2006)

• 著作が同じ著者リストによるものであり、姓を共有する二人によるものではないことを確認した。
• APA：まず日付を比べ（年だけが月と日より前）、同一の日付はA、An、Theを無視してタイトル順に並べた。
• APAとChicago author-date：リストと、最初の引用を含むすべての引用で、年のあとにa、b、cを付けた。
• APA：n.d.-aとin press-aにはハイフンを使い、2012aには使わなかった。
• MLA：各括弧に短縮タイトルを加え、氏名のあとにコンマ、ページの前にはコンマを置かず、---.は同一の著者行にだけ使った——または氏名を繰り返した。
• Chicago：3エムダッシュではなく、各書誌または参考文献項目で氏名を繰り返した。
• リストへの後からの追加のあと、文字を再確認した。新しいタイトルやより具体的な日付は並びを変えることがある。