書誌の書き方

APA 7のページタイトル:

References

APA 7の1件だけのタイトル（公式に許容）:

Reference

APA 7の項目テンプレート:

著者, A. A., & 著者, B. B. (年). 著作のタイトル. 出典. https://doi.org/xxxxx

MLA 9のページタイトル:

Works Cited

MLA 9の1件だけのタイトル:

Work Cited

MLA 9の項目テンプレート:

著者の姓, 名. "資料のタイトル." コンテナのタイトル, その他の貢献者, 版, 号, 出版社, 刊行日, 所在.

Chicago 18 Notes-Bibliographyのタイトル:

Bibliography

Chicago 18 Notes-Bibliographyの書籍テンプレート:

姓, 名. 書籍のタイトル. 出版社, 年.

Chicago 18 Author-Dateのタイトル:

References

Chicago 18 Author-Dateの書籍テンプレート:

姓, 名. 年. 書籍のタイトル. 出版社.

In the notes and bibliography system, sources are cited in numbered footnotes or endnotes. Each note corresponds to a raised (superscript) number in the text. Sources are also usually listed in a separate bibliography.

In the author-date system, sources are briefly cited in the text, usually in parentheses, by author’s last name and year of publication. Each in-text citation matches up with an entry in a reference list, where full bibliographic information is provided.

Use the section label “References” (not “Works Cited” or “Bibliography”).

It is acceptable to use “Reference” as the label when you cited only one source in your paper.

The heading should be changed to the singular so that it matches the relevant material: Work Cited or Note.

Center the title, Works Cited, an inch from the top of the page (fig. 3). (If the list contains only one entry, make the heading Work Cited.)

Apply a hanging indent for all references using the paragraph-formatting function of your word processing program: The first line is flush left, and all subsequent lines are indented 0.5 in.

Begin each entry flush with the left margin; if an entry runs more than one line, indent the subsequent line or lines half an inch from the left margin. This format is sometimes called hanging indention, and you can set your writing program to create it automatically for a group of paragraphs.

MacArthur、次にMacDonald、次にMcBride、次にMcDonald。

The Crown of Columbus で始まるタイトルは T ではなく C の下に入ります。

Beowulf は B の下に入ります。

World Health Organizationは Health や Organization ではなく W の下に入ります。

Chicago now prefers repeating the name of the author(s) rather than using a 3-em dash to stand in for repeated names in bibliographies or reference lists.

Judt, Tony. A Grand Illusion? An Essay on Europe. Hill and Wang, 1996.

Judt, Tony. Reappraisals: Reflections on the Forgotten Twentieth Century. Penguin Press, 2008.

Up to six authors are now listed in a bibliography or reference list entry; if more than six, only the first three are listed, followed by “et al.”

The reference list contains all the works you cited in the text of your paper.

If you read a work while doing your literature search but did not end up citing it in the text of your paper, do not include it in the reference list.

In general, there should be a one-to-one correspondence between the works cited in the text and the works listed in the reference list.

Author: Who is responsible for this work?

Date: When was this work published?

Title: What is this work called?

Source: Where can I retrieve this work?

雑誌論文、§10.1（Niepel et al., 2025）:

Niepel, C., Hausen, J. E., Weber, A. M., & Möller, J. (2025). Understanding mean-level and intraindividual variability in state academic self-concept: The role of students’ trait expectancies and values. Journal of Educational Psychology, 117(5), 772–788. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000946

単著書、§10.2（Levenson et al., 2025）:

Levenson, H., Jinich, S., Vaz, A., & Rousmaniere, T. (2025). Deliberate practice in emotionally focused couple therapy. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000436-000

編著の章、§10.3（Zeleke et al., 2020）:

Zeleke, W. A., Hughes, T. L., & Drozda, N. (2020). Home–school collaboration to promote mind–body health. In C. Maykel & M. A. Bray (Eds.), Promoting mind–body health in schools: Interventions for mental health professionals (pp. 11–26). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000157-002

ニュースサイトのウェブページ、§10.16（Volpe, 2024）:

Volpe, A. (2024, June 3). How the self-care industry made us so lonely. Vox. https://www.vox.com/evenbetter/350424/self-care-isolation-loneliness-epidemic

団体著者の報告書、§10.4（World Health Organization, 2025）:

World Health Organization. (2025). Global report on neglected tropical diseases. https://iris.who.int/server/api/core/bitstreams/9c4655d8-3671-4503-ae51-4a80bb44d5e0/content

取得日付きのウェブページ、§10.16（Worldometer, n.d.）:

Worldometer. (n.d.). Current world population. Retrieved October 17, 2025, from https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/

Entries in the works-cited list are created using the MLA template of core elements—facts common to most sources, like author, title, and publication date.

単著の書籍:

Mantel, Hilary. Wolf Hall. Picador, 2010.

著者不明の書籍:

Beowulf. Translated by Alan Sullivan and Timothy Murphy, edited by Sarah Anderson, Pearson, 2004.

編著:

Sánchez Prado, Ignacio M., editor. Mexican Literature in Theory. Bloomsbury, 2018.

データベース内の雑誌論文:

Goldman, Anne. "Questions of Transport: Reading Primo Levi Reading Dante." The Georgia Review, vol. 64, no. 1, spring 2010, pp. 69-88. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/41403188.

A place of publication is no longer required in citations of books.

The page range for a cited chapter in an edited book is no longer required in a bibliography or reference list entry (though a page range is still required for most journal articles).

Note that a place of publication is no longer required in book citations (see CMOS 14.30).

The page range for a chapter in a book is no longer required in bibliography entries (see CMOS 14.8).

初出の注、書籍:

1. Charles Yu, Interior Chinatown (Pantheon Books, 2020), 45.

Bibliography、書籍:

Yu, Charles. Interior Chinatown. Pantheon Books, 2020.

Bibliography、二冊目（Yuより前にアルファベット順）:

Binder, Amy J., and Jeffrey L. Kidder. The Channels of Student Activism: How the Left and Right Are Winning (and Losing) in Campus Politics Today. University of Chicago Press, 2022.

Bibliography、章（ページ範囲なし）:

Doyle, Kathleen. "The Queen Mary Psalter." In The Book by Design: The Remarkable Story of the World’s Greatest Invention, edited by P. J. M. Marks and Stephen Parkin. University of Chicago Press, 2023.

Bibliography、雑誌論文:

Dittmar, Emily L., and Douglas W. Schemske. "Temporal Variation in Selection Influences Microgeographic Local Adaptation." American Naturalist 202, no. 4 (2023): 471–85. https://doi.org/10.1086/725865.

Bibliography、7著者（最初の3名 + et al.）:

Snyder, Carl D., Manuel Bedrossian, Casey Barr, et al. "Extant Life Detection Using Label-Free Video Microscopy in Analog Aquatic Environments." PLOS ONE 20, no. 3 (2025): e0318239. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0318239.

参考文献リスト、書籍:

Yu, Charles. 2020. Interior Chinatown. Pantheon Books.

文中:

(Yu 2020, 45)

参考文献リスト、雑誌論文:

Dittmar, Emily L., and Douglas W. Schemske. 2023. "Temporal Variation in Selection Influences Microgeographic Local Adaptation." American Naturalist 202 (4): 471–85. https://doi.org/10.1086/725865.

参考文献リスト、7著者:

Snyder, Carl D., Manuel Bedrossian, Casey Barr, et al. 2025. "Extant Life Detection Using Label-Free Video Microscopy in Analog Aquatic Environments." PLOS ONE 20 (3): e0318239. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0318239.

Personal communications, including email and text messages and direct messages sent through social media, are usually cited in the text or in a note only; they are rarely included in a bibliography.

• 見出しはReferences、Reference、Works Cited、Work Cited、またはBibliography — スタイルが名付ける一つです。リストが1件なら単数形も含みます。
• リストは新しいページで始まり、論文のページ番号は継続しています。
• 各項目はぶら下げインデントであり、一行目インデントではありません。
• 行送りはスタイルに合っています。APAとMLAは全体ダブル。Chicagoはシラバスに従います。
• 項目はアルファベット順、またはスタイルが番号を付けるなら引用順の番号です。
• 先頭のA、An、Theは、最初の要素がタイトルのときだけ無視します。
• 捏造した論文、DOI、書籍タイトルはありません。
• APAのDOIに閉じるピリオドはありません。MLAのデータベースURLは使ったコピーと一致します。
• Chicago 18の書籍行に都市はなく、章の行にページ範囲はなく、繰り返す著者はフルスペルです。
• 引用のみのリストに、論文に一度も現れない出典は入っていません。