同じ出典を複数回引用する方法

APA 7括弧内(常に著者+年):

(Koehler, 2016)

APA 7同じ段落内の後続の叙述(年を省略):

Koehler

APA 7著者3名以上、毎回の言及:

(Martin et al., 2020)

MLA 9著者がすでに本文にある場合:

(194)

Chicago 18短縮ノート:

2. Yu, Interior Chinatown, 48.

Chicago 18著者2名の短縮ノート:

4. Binder and Kidder, Channels of Student Activism, 125.

When repeating a citation, show the entire citation; do not, for example, include only a page number (the abbreviation "ibid." is not used in APA Style).

Include the author(s) and year for every parenthetical in-text citation.

Do not repeat the year for narrative in-text citations the second and subsequent times they appear in a single paragraph. Follow this guideline with each new paragraph (i.e., include the year in the first narrative citation in a new paragraph).

For example, it is considered overcitation to repeat the same citation in every sentence when the source and topic have not changed. Instead, when paraphrasing a key point in more than one sentence within a paragraph, cite the source in the first sentence in which it is relevant and do not repeat the citation in subsequent sentences as long as the source remains clear and unchanged.

Koehler (2016) experimentally examined how journalistic coverage influences public perception of the level of agreement among experts. Koehler provided participants with quotations from real reviews for movies that critics either loved or loathed. He found that participants better appreciated the level of expert consensus for highly rated movies when only positive reviews were provided rather than when both positive and negative reviews were provided, even when the proportion of positive to negative reviews was indicated. These findings, in combination with similar research, demonstrate that providing evidence for both sides when most experts agree may lead to a false sense of balance (Koehler, 2016; Reginald, 2015).

括弧内引用(§8.11):

Falsely balanced news coverage can distort the public’s perception of expert consensus on an issue (Koehler, 2016).

叙述引用(§8.11):

Koehler (2016) noted the dangers of falsely balanced news coverage.

参考文献リスト(1回):

Koehler, D. J. (2016). Can journalistic “false balance” distort public perception of consensus in expert opinion? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 22(1), 24–38. https://doi.org/10.1037/xap0000073

However, if you cite multiple works by the same author or authors, regardless of the publication years, include the date in every in-text citation to prevent ambiguity. For example, if you cite Mohammed and Mahfouz (2017) and Mohammed and Mahfouz (2019), include the year with every citation, even when one of the references is cited multiple times in a single paragraph.

最初の括弧内:

(National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2020)

後続の括弧内:

(NIMH, 2020)

最初の叙述:

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH, 2020)

後続の叙述:

NIMH (2020)

1著者、毎回の言及:

(Luna, 2020)

2著者、毎回の言及:

(Salas & D’Agostino, 2020)

3名以上、初出と後続:

(Martin et al., 2020)

叙述、3名以上:

Martin et al. (2020)

引用したページ(Koehler論文のテンプレート):

(Koehler, 2016, p. 24)

ページ番号なし(テンプレート):

(Koehler, 2016, Discussion section, para. 2)

公式の個人的コミュニケーション:

(T. Nguyen, personal communication, February 24, 2020)

In-text citations are brief, unobtrusive references that direct readers to the works-cited-list entries for the sources you consulted and, where relevant, to the location in the source being cited.

All in-text references should be concise. Avoid, for instance, providing the author’s name or title of a work in both your prose and parentheses.

本文中の言及:

Naomi Baron broke new ground on the subject.

括弧内引用:

At least one researcher has broken new ground on the subject (Baron).

引用文、著者は本文:

According to Naomi Baron, reading is "just half of literacy. The other half is writing" (194).

引用文、著者は括弧内:

Reading is "just half of literacy. The other half is writing" (Baron 194).

誤り(名前が二重):

According to Naomi Baron, reading is "just half of literacy. The other half is writing" (Baron 194).

引用文献(1回):

Baron, Naomi S. “Redefining Reading: The Impact of Digital Communication Media.” PMLA, vol. 128, no. 1, Jan. 2013, pp. 193–200.

If you continue to cite the same source in subsequent paragraphs and no other source intervenes, you do not need to identify the source again unless ambiguity would result.

In Romeo and Juliet, Juliet asks, “What’s in a name?” (2.2.43). By “name” she means Romeo’s last name–Montague.

If you cite two works by the same author, you must provide a short title in your in-text citation, and if two or more works by an author have the same title, additional information is needed so that the reference, if not quite as brief, will be clear.

Style Centerの教材例、角括弧内の版:

The documentation gave him a “dull but persistent headache” (Curse [3rd ed.] 45).

To reduce the bulk of documentation in works that use footnotes or endnotes, citations of sources already given in full—either in a previous note or in a bibliography that provides complete bibliographic data—should be shortened whenever possible.

The most common short form consists of the last name of the author and the main title of the work cited, usually shortened if more than four words.

最初のノート:

1. Charles Yu, Interior Chinatown (Pantheon Books, 2020), 45.

短縮ノート:

2. Yu, Interior Chinatown, 48.

文献目録(1回):

Yu, Charles. Interior Chinatown. Pantheon Books, 2020.

最初のノート、2著者:

1. Amy J. Binder and Jeffrey L. Kidder, The Channels of Student Activism: How the Left and Right Are Winning (and Losing) in Campus Politics Today (University of Chicago Press, 2022), 117–18.

短縮ノート:

4. Binder and Kidder, Channels of Student Activism, 125.

最初のノート、章:

1. Kathleen Doyle, “The Queen Mary Psalter,” in The Book by Design: The Remarkable Story of the World’s Greatest Invention, ed. P. J. M. Marks and Stephen Parkin (University of Chicago Press, 2023), 64.

短縮ノート:

2. Doyle, “Queen Mary Psalter,” 65.

最初のノート、雑誌:

1. Hyeyoung Kwon, “Inclusion Work: Children of Immigrants Claiming Membership in Everyday Life,” American Journal of Sociology 127, no. 6 (2022): 1842–43, https://doi.org/10.1086/720277.

短縮ノート:

5. Kwon, “Inclusion Work,” 1851.

The abbreviation ibid. (from ibidem, "in the same place") usually refers to a single work cited in the note immediately preceding. However, because ibid. can obscure the identity of a source, Chicago recommends instead using shortened citations.

Shortened citations generally take up less than a line, meaning that ibid. saves no space, and in electronic formats that link to one note at a time, ibid. risks confusing the reader.

To avoid repetition, an author or title alone may be used in successive citations, though the fuller form is usually preferred.

推奨される短いノート:

1. Carson, Silent Spring, 3.

2. Carson, Silent Spring, 18.

許されるがもはや推奨されない:

2. Ibid., 18.

著者のみ、なお連続:

2. Carson, 18.

最初のノート:

1. Arundhati Roy, The God of Small Things (Random House, 2008), chap. 6, Kindle.

短縮ノート:

5. Roy, God of Small Things, chap. 7.

最初の言及:

(Yu 2020, 45)

後続の言及:

(Yu 2020, 48)

2著者、公式Quick Guide:

(Binder and Kidder 2022, 117–18)

ページのない電子書籍:

(Roy 2008, chap. 6)

参考文献リスト(1回):

Yu, Charles. 2020. Interior Chinatown. Pantheon Books.