如何多次引用同一来源

APA 7 括号引用（始终是著者 + 年份）：

(Koehler, 2016)

APA 7 同一段中较后的叙述性引用（省略年份）：

Koehler

APA 7 三位及以上著者，每次提及：

(Martin et al., 2020)

MLA 9 著者已出现在行文中之后：

(194)

Chicago 18 缩短注释：

2. Yu, Interior Chinatown, 48.

Chicago 18 两位著者的缩短注释：

4. Binder and Kidder, Channels of Student Activism, 125.

When repeating a citation, show the entire citation; do not, for example, include only a page number (the abbreviation "ibid." is not used in APA Style).

Include the author(s) and year for every parenthetical in-text citation.

Do not repeat the year for narrative in-text citations the second and subsequent times they appear in a single paragraph. Follow this guideline with each new paragraph (i.e., include the year in the first narrative citation in a new paragraph).

For example, it is considered overcitation to repeat the same citation in every sentence when the source and topic have not changed. Instead, when paraphrasing a key point in more than one sentence within a paragraph, cite the source in the first sentence in which it is relevant and do not repeat the citation in subsequent sentences as long as the source remains clear and unchanged.

Koehler (2016) experimentally examined how journalistic coverage influences public perception of the level of agreement among experts. Koehler provided participants with quotations from real reviews for movies that critics either loved or loathed. He found that participants better appreciated the level of expert consensus for highly rated movies when only positive reviews were provided rather than when both positive and negative reviews were provided, even when the proportion of positive to negative reviews was indicated. These findings, in combination with similar research, demonstrate that providing evidence for both sides when most experts agree may lead to a false sense of balance (Koehler, 2016; Reginald, 2015).

括号引用（§8.11）：

Falsely balanced news coverage can distort the public’s perception of expert consensus on an issue (Koehler, 2016).

叙述性引用（§8.11）：

Koehler (2016) noted the dangers of falsely balanced news coverage.

参考文献表（一次）：

Koehler, D. J. (2016). Can journalistic “false balance” distort public perception of consensus in expert opinion? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 22(1), 24–38. https://doi.org/10.1037/xap0000073

However, if you cite multiple works by the same author or authors, regardless of the publication years, include the date in every in-text citation to prevent ambiguity. For example, if you cite Mohammed and Mahfouz (2017) and Mohammed and Mahfouz (2019), include the year with every citation, even when one of the references is cited multiple times in a single paragraph.

首次括号引用：

(National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2020)

随后括号引用：

(NIMH, 2020)

首次叙述性引用：

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH, 2020)

随后叙述性引用：

NIMH (2020)

一位著者，每次提及：

(Luna, 2020)

两位著者，每次提及：

(Salas & D’Agostino, 2020)

三位及以上，首次与随后提及：

(Martin et al., 2020)

叙述性，三位及以上：

Martin et al. (2020)

引用页码（套在 Koehler 论文上的模板）：

(Koehler, 2016, p. 24)

无页码（模板）：

(Koehler, 2016, Discussion section, para. 2)

官方私人沟通：

(T. Nguyen, personal communication, February 24, 2020)

In-text citations are brief, unobtrusive references that direct readers to the works-cited-list entries for the sources you consulted and, where relevant, to the location in the source being cited.

All in-text references should be concise. Avoid, for instance, providing the author’s name or title of a work in both your prose and parentheses.

行文中的引用：

Naomi Baron broke new ground on the subject.

括号引用：

At least one researcher has broken new ground on the subject (Baron).

引用句，著者在行文中：

According to Naomi Baron, reading is "just half of literacy. The other half is writing" (194).

引用句，著者在括号中：

Reading is "just half of literacy. The other half is writing" (Baron 194).

错误（姓名出现两次）：

According to Naomi Baron, reading is "just half of literacy. The other half is writing" (Baron 194).

作品引用文献（一次）：

Baron, Naomi S. “Redefining Reading: The Impact of Digital Communication Media.” PMLA, vol. 128, no. 1, Jan. 2013, pp. 193–200.

If you continue to cite the same source in subsequent paragraphs and no other source intervenes, you do not need to identify the source again unless ambiguity would result.

In Romeo and Juliet, Juliet asks, “What’s in a name?” (2.2.43). By “name” she means Romeo’s last name–Montague.

If you cite two works by the same author, you must provide a short title in your in-text citation, and if two or more works by an author have the same title, additional information is needed so that the reference, if not quite as brief, will be clear.

Style Center 教材示例，方括号中的版本：

The documentation gave him a “dull but persistent headache” (Curse [3rd ed.] 45).

To reduce the bulk of documentation in works that use footnotes or endnotes, citations of sources already given in full—either in a previous note or in a bibliography that provides complete bibliographic data—should be shortened whenever possible.

The most common short form consists of the last name of the author and the main title of the work cited, usually shortened if more than four words.

首次注释：

1. Charles Yu, Interior Chinatown (Pantheon Books, 2020), 45.

缩短注释：

2. Yu, Interior Chinatown, 48.

书目（一次）：

Yu, Charles. Interior Chinatown. Pantheon Books, 2020.

首次注释，两位著者：

1. Amy J. Binder and Jeffrey L. Kidder, The Channels of Student Activism: How the Left and Right Are Winning (and Losing) in Campus Politics Today (University of Chicago Press, 2022), 117–18.

缩短注释：

4. Binder and Kidder, Channels of Student Activism, 125.

首次注释，章节：

1. Kathleen Doyle, “The Queen Mary Psalter,” in The Book by Design: The Remarkable Story of the World’s Greatest Invention, ed. P. J. M. Marks and Stephen Parkin (University of Chicago Press, 2023), 64.

缩短注释：

2. Doyle, “Queen Mary Psalter,” 65.

首次注释，期刊：

1. Hyeyoung Kwon, “Inclusion Work: Children of Immigrants Claiming Membership in Everyday Life,” American Journal of Sociology 127, no. 6 (2022): 1842–43, https://doi.org/10.1086/720277.

缩短注释：

5. Kwon, “Inclusion Work,” 1851.

The abbreviation ibid. (from ibidem, "in the same place") usually refers to a single work cited in the note immediately preceding. However, because ibid. can obscure the identity of a source, Chicago recommends instead using shortened citations.

Shortened citations generally take up less than a line, meaning that ibid. saves no space, and in electronic formats that link to one note at a time, ibid. risks confusing the reader.

To avoid repetition, an author or title alone may be used in successive citations, though the fuller form is usually preferred.

首选短注释：

1. Carson, Silent Spring, 3.

2. Carson, Silent Spring, 18.

允许但不再首选：

2. Ibid., 18.

仅著者，仍连续：

2. Carson, 18.

首次注释：

1. Arundhati Roy, The God of Small Things (Random House, 2008), chap. 6, Kindle.

缩短注释：

5. Roy, God of Small Things, chap. 7.

首次提及：

(Yu 2020, 45)

随后提及：

(Yu 2020, 48)

两位著者，官方 Quick Guide：

(Binder and Kidder 2022, 117–18)

无页码电子书：

(Roy 2008, chap. 6)

参考文献表（一次）：

Yu, Charles. 2020. Interior Chinatown. Pantheon Books.