如何用APA 7引用讲座或PowerPoint

未录制讲座，叙述式（APA Style）：

E.-M. Paradis (personal communication, August 8, 2019)

未录制讲座，括号式（APA Style）：

(T. Nguyen, personal communication, February 24, 2020)

被点名为讲座的未录制课堂讲座（APA Style博客，2022年3月16日）：

P. Avadhanula (personal communication, February 10, 2022)

全班能打开的LMS PowerPoint（Common Reference Examples，§10.14）：

Mack, R., & Spake, G. (2018). Citing open source images and formatting references for presentations [PowerPoint slides]. Canvas@FNU. https://fnu.onelogin.com/login

公开PowerPoint（APA Style Center / Alamo 2026年5月29日转载）：

Jones, J. (2016, March 23). Guided reading: Making the most of it [PowerPoint slides]. SlideShare. https://www.slideshare.net/hellojenjones/guided-reading-making-the-most-of-it

网上无标题讲义（Publication Manual p. 347）：

Canan, E., & Vasilev, J. (2019, May 22). [Lecture notes on resource allocation]. Department of Management Control and Information Systems, University of Chile. https://uchilefau.academia.edu/ElseZCanan

可找回演示文稿的括号式引用：

(Mack & Spake, 2018)

可找回演示文稿的叙述式引用：

Mack and Spake (2018)

An exception is personal communications, which are cited in the text of your paper but are not included in the reference list (see Section 8.9 in the seventh edition Publication Manual).

Works that cannot be recovered by readers are cited in the text as personal communications. Personal communications include emails, text messages, online chats or direct messages, personal interviews, telephone conversations, live speeches, nonarchived social media livestreams (e.g., Instagram Live, Twitter Spaces), unrecorded webinars, unrecorded classroom lectures, memos, letters, messages from nonarchived discussion groups or online bulletin boards, and so on.

Use a personal communication citation only when a recoverable source is not available. For example, if you learned about a topic via a classroom lecture, it would be preferable to cite the research on which the instructor based the lecture. However, if the lecture contained original content not published elsewhere, cite the lecture as a personal communication.

Because readers cannot retrieve the information in personal communications, personal communications are not included in the reference list; they are cited in the text only. Give the initial(s) and surname of the communicator, and provide as exact a date as possible, using the following formats:

Likewise, if a live social media event was recorded and is now available on another platform (e.g., an Instagram Live video recorded and saved to a public YouTube video), use the corresponding template to create the reference (e.g., create a YouTube reference for the Instagram Live video available on YouTube).

叙述式引用（APA Style）：

E.-M. Paradis (personal communication, August 8, 2019)

括号式引用（APA Style）：

(T. Nguyen, personal communication, February 24, 2020)

被点名的课堂讲座的叙述式引用（APA Style博客，2022年3月16日）：

P. Avadhanula (personal communication, February 10, 2022)

该讲座的括号式引用：

(P. Avadhanula, personal communication, February 10, 2022)

In this case, "P. Avadhanula" was the instructor who gave the class lecture that I am citing.

For example, a student writing a paper for a course assignment might cite works from the classroom website or learning management system (LMS; e.g., Canvas, Blackboard, Brightspace, Moodle, Sakai). These sources can be cited in the classroom assignment because they are recoverable by the instructor and fellow students.

For sites requiring users to log in, the URL should be a link to the home page or the login page.

For example, use the following format to cite a recorded lecture or PowerPoint presentation available from a classroom website or LMS for a student assignment (see also Chapter 10, Example 102, in the Publication Manual). Because the LMS requires users to log in, provide the home page URL of the LMS rather than the full URL of the work.

However, if the work is for professional publication or intended for a wider audience who will not have access to these sources (i.e., the LMS or the company intranet), cite the sources as personal communications.

If the slides come from a classroom website, learning management system (e.g., Canvas, Blackboard, Moodle, Sakai), or company intranet and you are writing for an audience with access to that resource, provide the name of the site and its URL (use the login page URL for sites requiring login).

If the audience for which are you writing does not have access to the slides, cite them as a personal communication.

参考文献表：

Mack, R., & Spake, G. (2018). Citing open source images and formatting references for presentations [PowerPoint slides]. Canvas@FNU. https://fnu.onelogin.com/login

括号式引用：

(Mack & Spake, 2018)

叙述式引用：

Mack and Spake (2018)

Instructor, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Lecture title [Lecture recording]. LMS Name. https://login-page

当播放器只是课程视频文件、且LMS也这样标注时，用 [Video] 代替 [Lecture recording]。只存在于Canvas内的Zoom、Panopto或Kaltura文件，对课堂论文仍是LMS来源，不是公开网络研讨会。

When the slides are available online to anyone, provide the site name on which they are hosted in the source element of the reference, followed by the URL of the slides.

参考文献表：

Jones, J. (2016, March 23). Guided reading: Making the most of it [PowerPoint slides]. SlideShare. https://www.slideshare.net/hellojenjones/guided-reading-making-the-most-of-it

括号式引用：

(Jones, 2016)

叙述式引用：

Jones (2016)

If the slides contain citations to information published elsewhere, and you want to cite that information as well, then it is best to find, read, and cite the original source yourself rather than citing the slides as a secondary source.

参考文献表：

Canan, E., & Vasilev, J. (2019, May 22). [Lecture notes on resource allocation]. Department of Management Control and Information Systems, University of Chile. https://uchilefau.academia.edu/ElseZCanan

括号式引用：

(Canan & Vasilev, 2019)

叙述式引用：

Canan and Vasilev (2019)

在线课程或Mooc：

Jackson, M. O., Leyton-Brown, K., & Shoham, Y. (n.d.). Game theory [Mooc]. Coursera. https://www.coursera.org/learn/game-theory-1

在线课程或Mooc中的讲座：

Tangen, J. (2016). Episode 2: I heard a tapping somewhat louder than before [Mooc lecture]. In E. MacKenzie, J. Tangen, & M. Thompson, The science of everyday thinking. edX.

A lecture or other content from an online course or Mooc is cited similarly to a podcast episode, with the instructor for the lecture listed in the author element of the reference and the names of all course faculty in the editor position within the source element.

Provide a link that will resolve for readers. Because users must enroll in the course and then log in to access the lecture, the link in the reference leads to the main page for the course.

公开网络研讨会（§10.12），不是课堂讲座：

Lee, C., McAdoo, T., & Denneny, S. (2023). APA Style seventh edition refresher for instructors [Webinar]. American Psychological Association. https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/tutorials-webinars

YouTube视频（§10.12），不是课堂讲座：

Above The Noise. (2017, October 18). Can procrastination be a good thing? [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FQMwmBNNOnQ