如何引用教学大纲、课堂讲义或课程资料包

APA 7，全班能打开的 LMS 文件（官方 Example 102 / Mack）：

Mack, R., & Spake, G. (2018). Citing open source images and formatting references for presentations [PowerPoint slides]. Canvas@FNU. https://fnu.onelogin.com/login

APA 7 标明的教学大纲模板（Mack 模式；只改方括号）：

Instructor, A. A. (Year). Title of document [Syllabus]. LMS Name. https://login-page-url

APA 7，仅纸质讲义（官方私人交流）：

(T. Nguyen, personal communication, February 24, 2020)

MLA 9 官方教学大纲（Style Center）：

Mueller, Alex. Syllabus for Social Networking in the Scriptorium. Spring 2014, U of Massachusetts, Boston.

MLA 9 官方课程资料包翻印（Style Center）：

Jackson, Shirley. “The Lottery.” “The Lottery” and Other Stories, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005, pp. 291-302.

Chicago 18 官方讲座类比（CMOS Q&A / §14.115）：

D'Erasmo, Stacy. "The Craft and Career of Writing." Lecture, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, April 26, 2000.

Chicago 18 标明的教学大纲模板（未发表说明，不用第17版括号）：

1. First Name Last Name, syllabus for Course Name, Institution, Term Year.

Chicago 18 官方私人交流（Quick Guide）：

1. Sam Gomez, Facebook direct message to author, August 1, 2024.

Works that cannot be recovered by readers are cited in the text as personal communications. Personal communications include emails, text messages, online chats or direct messages, personal interviews, telephone conversations, live speeches, nonarchived social media livestreams (e.g., Instagram Live, Twitter Spaces), unrecorded webinars, unrecorded classroom lectures, memos, letters, messages from nonarchived discussion groups or online bulletin boards, and so on.

Use a personal communication citation only when a recoverable source is not available. For example, if you learned about a topic via a classroom lecture, it would be preferable to cite the research on which the instructor based the lecture. However, if the lecture contained original content not published elsewhere, cite the lecture as a personal communication.

If the slides come from a classroom website, learning management system (e.g., Canvas, Blackboard, Moodle, Sakai), or company intranet and you are writing for an audience with access to that resource, provide the name of the site and its URL (use the login page URL for sites requiring login).

If the audience for which are you writing does not have access to the slides, cite them as a personal communication.

An exception is personal communications, which are cited in the text of your paper but are not included in the reference list (see Section 8.9 in the seventh edition Publication Manual).

参考文献表（官方 Example 102）：

Mack, R., & Spake, G. (2018). Citing open source images and formatting references for presentations [PowerPoint slides]. Canvas@FNU. https://fnu.onelogin.com/login

括号式：

(Mack & Spake, 2018)

叙述式：

Mack and Spake (2018)

供该课程论文使用的标明教学大纲模板：

Instructor, A. A. (Year). Course number: course name, term year syllabus [Syllabus]. LMS Name. https://login-page-url

供该课程论文使用的标明讲义模板：

Instructor, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of handout [Class handout]. LMS Name. https://login-page-url

叙述引用（APA Style）：

E.-M. Paradis (personal communication, August 8, 2019)

括号引用（APA Style）：

(T. Nguyen, personal communication, February 24, 2020)

参考文献表：

省略。私人交流只在正文引用。

参考文献表：

Canan, E., & Vasilev, J. (2019, May 22). [Lecture notes on resource allocation]. Department of Management Control and Information Systems, University of Chile. https://uchilefau.academia.edu/ElseZCanan

括号式：

(Canan & Vasilev, 2019)

标明的无标题讲义模板：

Instructor, A. A. (Year, Month Day). [Worksheet on topic] [Class handout]. LMS Name. https://login-page-url

原创材料，教师也是作者：

Elders, M. (2019). Neighborhood watch: Social media in the community. In M. Elders (Ed.), POL 241: Politics and activism in the 21st century (pp. 34–41). American University.

原创材料，作者不同：

Young, U., & Sikder, T. (2019). Taking a neighborhood canvasing approach to social media. In M. Elders (Ed.), POL 241: Politics and activism in the 21st century (pp. 34–41). American University.

原创材料，没有具名作者：

Diagram of the tibia–basitarsis joint in Apis melifera. (2015). In B. Haave (Ed.), NEU 451: Movement and perception (pp. 44–45). St. Ambrose University.

括号引用（官方配对）：

(Elders, 2019; Young & Sikder, 2019)

无作者括号式（官方）：

("A Diagram of the Tibia–Basitarsis Joint in Apis melifera," 2015)

已发表故事的未改动翻印（引用书，而不是资料包）：

Jackson, S. (2005). The lottery. In "The lottery" and other stories (pp. 291–302). Farrar, Straus and Giroux. (Original work published 1948)

If the author of a work—such as a syllabus, handout, or slide—is known, begin your works-cited-list entry with the name of the author. But be careful not to assume that the instructor is the author; you should only list the instructor in the Author element if you know that they created the materials. If the instructor is not the author, you may give the instructor’s name in the Contributor element. If the author is unknown, list the work by its title.

A syllabus is treated as an untitled work, and you should therefore provide a description of the work in place of a title.

Titles of handouts are capitalized like other titles, and they are styled in italics if they are stand-alone works. If a handout is part of a collection, enclose the title in quotation marks and do not italicize it. If the handout does not have a title, provide a description in place of a title, following the style for untitled works: capitalize the description sentence-style—that is, capitalizing only the first letter of the first word and any proper nouns—and do not italicize it or enclose it in quotation marks.

教师写了教学大纲：

Mueller, Alex. Syllabus for Social Networking in the Scriptorium. Spring 2014, U of Massachusetts, Boston.

已知作者不是教师：

Kelly, Michaela. Syllabus for English Literature before 1600. Taught by Eva Wilder, fall 2021, Indiana University, Bloomington.

作者未知：

Syllabus for Social Networking in the Scriptorium. Taught by Alex Mueller, spring 2014, U of Massachusetts, Boston.

文内：

(Mueller) or (Kelly) or (Syllabus for Social Networking)

官方 LMS 幻灯片（Style Center，15 September 2020）：

Carson, Sandy. Introduction to Digital Humanities. Blackboard, uploaded by Carson, 20 Oct. 2019, blackboard.ucla.edu/. PowerPoint presentation.

官方 Google Classroom 上传（Style Center，6 October 2021）：

Algarotti, Francesco. An Essay on the Opera. Google Classroom, uploaded by Rachel Ross, 1 May 2021, classroom.google.com.

同一作品，该文给出的原刊选项：

Algarotti, Francesco. An Essay on the Opera. 1768. Google Classroom, uploaded by Rachel Ross, 1 May 2021, classroom.google.com.

标明的有题名纸质讲义模板：

Instructor Last Name, First Name. Title of Handout. Course Number: Course Name, Day Mon. Year, Institution, City. Handout.

标明的无标题纸质讲义模板：

Instructor Last Name, First Name. Handout on topic. Course Number: Course Name, Day Mon. Year, Institution, City.

If you are unable to get guidance on how to cite course-pack material, assume your instructor wants you to cite the original source of the material.

教师要求时引用资料包：

Jackson, Shirley. “The Lottery.” Course pack for English 285: American Short Story Writers, compiled by Anne Smith, Spring 2015, Iowa State U.

改为引用已出版文集（默认）：

Jackson, Shirley. “The Lottery.” “The Lottery” and Other Stories, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005, pp. 291-302.

文内（两种情况都用原刊页码）：

(Jackson 291)

Titles of unpublished manuscripts, like the titles of other unpublished works, appear in quotation marks. Include the words unpublished manuscript and the date of the version consulted, if known; for electronic files, a last-saved or last-modified date may be appropriate. End the citation with an indication of format.

Unpublished manuscripts that are unavailable for others to consult may be mentioned in the text or in a note but are not usually included in a bibliography or reference list.

Details of the sponsorship, location, and date of the meeting at which a speech was given or a paper, slides, or poster presented follow the title. In previous editions of Chicago this information was put in parentheses. This is no longer the case. If the information is available online, include a URL.

书目（CMOS Q&A 讲座）：

D'Erasmo, Stacy. "The Craft and Career of Writing." Lecture, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, April 26, 2000.

首次注释，同一讲座：

1. Stacy D'Erasmo, "The Craft and Career of Writing," lecture, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, April 26, 2000.

标明的教学大纲注释：

2. First Name Last Name, syllabus for Course Name, Institution, Term Year.

标明的教学大纲书目：

Last Name, First Name. Syllabus for Course Name. Institution, Term Year.

标明的有题名讲义注释：

3. First Name Last Name, "Title of Handout," unpublished class handout, Course Name, Institution, Month Day, Year.

标明的无标题讲义注释：

4. First Name Last Name, handout on topic, Course Name, Institution, Month Day, Year.

It is often sufficient simply to describe web pages and other website content in the text (“As of November 15, 2023, Google’s privacy policy stated . . .”).

Personal communications, including email and text messages and direct messages sent through social media, are usually cited in the text or in a note only; they are rarely included in a bibliography.

官方私人交流注释：

1. Sam Gomez, Facebook direct message to author, August 1, 2024.

首次注释（引用已出版文集）：

5. Shirley Jackson, "The Lottery," in "The Lottery" and Other Stories (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005), 291.

缩短注释：

6. Jackson, "The Lottery," 291.

书目（CMOS 18 §14.8：不要求章节页码范围）：

Jackson, Shirley. "The Lottery." In "The Lottery" and Other Stories. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005.

同一章节，显示资料包（标明的增补，不是官方 CMOS 行）：

7. Shirley Jackson, "The Lottery," in "The Lottery" and Other Stories (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005), 291, reprinted in course pack for Course Name, compiled by Instructor (Institution, Term Year).

参考文献表中的官方讲座类比：

D'Erasmo, Stacy. 2000. "The Craft and Career of Writing." Lecture, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, April 26.

该讲座的文内引用：

(D'Erasmo 2000)

标明的教学大纲参考文献：

Last Name, First Name. Year. Syllabus for Course Name. Institution, Term.

当作私人交流的纸质讲义（仅正文或注释）：

(First Name Last Name, class handout, Month Day, Year)