如何引用没有标题的文献

APA 7 官方表，标题缺失：

Author. (Date). [Description of work]. Source.

APA 7 官方文内表：

(Author, year)

APA 7 官方表，作者与标题均缺失：

[Description of work]. (Date). Source.

APA 7 官方文内，作者与标题均缺失：

([Description of work], year)

MLA 9 作品引用：

Author. Description of the work. Year. Container, URL.

MLA 9 文内：

(Author) — 无作者时用 (Description of the work)

Chicago 18 注释：

1. Author Name, description of the work, Month Day, Year, Repository.

Chicago 18 书目：

通常列藏品集，而不是无标题单件。见下文 Lincoln 与 Ballard 示例。

官方解决方案：

Provide the author and date, describe the work in square brackets, and then provide the source.

官方参考文献模板：

Author. (Date). [Description of work]. Source.

官方文内模板：

(Author, year) Author (year)

参考文献：

Rinaldi, J. (2016). [Photograph series of a boy who finds his footing after abuse by those he trusted]. The Pulitzer Prizes. https://www.pulitzer.org/winners/jessica-rinaldi

括号式：

(Rinaldi, 2016)

叙述式：

Rinaldi (2016)

For untitled artwork, include a description in square brackets in place of a title.

参考文献：

[Plaque with background information about American Gothic]. (n.d.). Art Institute Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.

括号式：

([Plaque with background information about American Gothic], n.d.)

叙述式：

[Plaque with background information about American Gothic] (n.d.)

参考文献：

Baer, R. A. (2015). [Unpublished raw data on the correlations between the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire and the Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills]. University of Kentucky.

括号式：

(Baer, 2015)

叙述式：

Baer (2015)

参考文献：

Frank, L. K. (1935, February 4). [Letter to Robert M. Ogden]. Rockefeller Archive Center (GEB Series 1.3, Box 371, Folder 3877), Tarrytown, NY, United States.

括号式：

(Frank, 1935)

参考文献（前 20 个词，然后是帖文类型）：

Obama, B. [@BarackObama]. (2024, May 17). Today marks 70 years since the Supreme Court handed down its landmark decision in Brown v. Board of Education, outlawing [Post]. X. https://x.com/BarackObama/status/1791540592238874953

括号式：

(Obama, 2024)

参考文献模板：

Author, A. A. [@handle]. (Year, Month Day). [Photograph of what the image shows]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/xxxxx/

文内：

(Author, Year)

capitalize the description sentence-style—that is, capitalizing only the first letter of the first word and any proper nouns—and do not italicize it or enclose it in quotation marks.

作品引用，手册家具示例：

Mackintosh, Charles Rennie. Chair of stained oak. 1897–1900, Victoria and Albert Museum, London.

同一把椅子的 Style Center 图注形式：

Fig. 1. Charles Rennie Mackintosh; chair of stained oak; 1897–1900, Victoria and Albert Museum, London.

作品引用，Style Center 漫画：

Karasik, Paul. Cartoon. The New Yorker, 14 Apr. 2008, p. 49.

文内：

(Mackintosh); (Karasik)

作品引用：

Civil war veterans’ card for William Gant. Pennsylvania State Archives, www.digitalarchives.state.pa.us/archive.asp?view=ArchiveItems&ArchiveID=17&FL=G&FID=1185185&LID=1185234. Item 6.

文内：

(Civil war veterans’ card)

授课教师为作者：

Mueller, Alex. Syllabus for Social Networking in the Scriptorium. Spring 2014, U of Massachusetts, Boston.

已知作者但不是授课教师：

Kelly, Michaela. Syllabus for English Literature before 1600. Taught by Eva Wilder, fall 2021, Indiana University, Bloomington.

作者不详：

Syllabus for Social Networking in the Scriptorium. Taught by Alex Mueller, spring 2014, U of Massachusetts, Boston.

Style Center 规则：

A syllabus is treated as an untitled work, and you should therefore provide a description of the work in place of a title.

Omit any element that does not apply except Title of Source. If no title is given, use your own description of the work as the title.

Information about paintings, photographs, sculptures, or other works of art can usually be presented in the text rather than in a note or bibliography.

If a note or bibliography entry is needed, list the artist, a title (in italics), and a date of creation or completion, followed by information about the medium and the location of the work.

CMOS 18 What’s New，§14.133：

Museum accession numbers should be included in citations of artworks when they are available.

注释模板：

1. Firstname Lastname, description of the photograph in roman type, Year, Museum or Repository, Accession No. if given, https://xxxxx.

书目模板（艺术品可选）：

Lastname, Firstname. Description of the photograph in roman type. Year. Museum or Repository.

注释：

Abraham Lincoln to Horace Greeley, 22 August 1862, Abraham Lincoln Papers, Series 2, Library of Congress, Washington, DC, https://www.loc.gov/item/mal4233400/.

简注：

Lincoln to Greeley, 22 August 1862.

书目（藏品集层级）：

Abraham Lincoln Papers. Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.

注释（手稿，出自图书馆目录）：

Martha Ballard, diary, 1785–1812, Ms B B189, Maine State Library, Augusta, ME.

若使用手稿或扫描件的书目：

Ballard, Martha. Diary, 1785–1812. Ms B B189. Maine State Library, Augusta, ME.

In place of a title, quote up to the first 280 characters of the post. Comments are cited in reference to the original post.

官方注释：

NASA Webb Telescope (@NASAWebb), “👀 Sneak a peek at the deepest & sharpest infrared image of the early universe ever taken—all in a day’s work for the Webb telescope. (Literally, capturing it took less than a day!),” Twitter (now X), July 11, 2022, https://twitter.com/NASAWebb/status/1546621080298835970.

参考文献表：

Abraham Lincoln Papers. Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.

文内，按藏品集引用书信：

(Abraham Lincoln to Horace Greeley, 22 August 1862, Abraham Lincoln Papers)