如何在MLA 9中引用社交媒体帖子

Works Cited，姓名加不同用户名：

Last Name, First Name [@handle]. “Text of the post.” X, Day Mon. Year, permalink.

Works Cited，相似用户名且含URL：

Last Name, First Name. “Text of the post.” Instagram, Day Mon. Year, permalink.

Works Cited，仅图片或视频：

Author. Title of the image or video. TikTok, Day Mon. Year, permalink.

Works Cited，会变化的个人主页：

Last Name, First Name. “Posts.” Instagram, Year, profile URL.

Works Cited，可编辑标题加访问日期：

Author. “Text of the post.” Instagram, Day Mon. Year, permalink. Accessed Day Mon. Year.

Works Cited，无URL的移动端帖文：

Last Name, First Name [@handle]. “Text of the post.” X, Day Mon. Year.

文内引用，括号式：

(Last Name) or (Account Name) — match the first element

文内引用，散文式：

Last Name writes that . . .

To use the template, record the publication information given by the version of the work you consult by first evaluating the work you are citing to see which elements apply to the source. Then, list each element relevant to your source in the order given on the template. Omit any element that does not apply except Title of Source. If no title is given, use your own description of the work as the title. Conclude each element with the punctuation mark shown in the template—but always end your entry with a period.

To cite material posted on a social media platform, follow the MLA format template. List the author of the post, usually the account name, followed by the title of the material or a description in place of a title in the Title of Source element. Then list the title of the social media site in the Title of Container element. Next list the publisher, unless the name of the site’s publisher is essentially the same as the website title. Then provide the date of publication of the post—if given—or the copyright date of the page. Finally, list the URL in the Location element. As always, key your in-text reference to the first element of the entry. The in-text reference may appear in prose or parentheses.

Because posts published formerly on Twitter now exist on X, we recommend using X as the title of container for any posts published on the platform, past and present.

With the name change came other changes as well: what used to be called tweets are now called posts. To be up-to-date, avoid referring to “tweets” and the corresponding verb form (“so-and-so tweeted”) in your prose.

Works Cited，改名后发布的帖文：

O’Connor, Kim. “Kelly Link on ‘nighttime logic.’” X, 13 Feb. 2024, twitter.com/shallowbrigade/status/1757476492647219227.

Works Cited，现位于X上的2022年帖文：

Klein, Ezra. “My phone keeps autocorrecting ‘I’ to ‘AI’ which is a little on-the-nose.” X, 22 Apr. 2022, twitter.com/ezraklein/status/1517591690101489665.

官方Style Center文内引用（Klein行）：

In a wry post, Ezra Klein wrote that his phone was “autocorrecting ‘I’ to ‘AI’ which is a little on-the-nose” (Klein).

Fogarty, Mignon [@GrammarGirl]. “Every once in a while, that Gmail notice asking if you meant to reply to a 5-day-old message is quite helpful.” Twitter, 13 Feb. 2019, twitter.com/GrammarGirl/status/ 1095734401550303232.

Ng, Celeste [@pronounced_ing]. Photo of letter from Shirley Jackson. Twitter, 22 Jan. 2018, twitter.com/pronounced_ing/status/ 955528799357231104.

World Wildlife Fund. “Happy Earth Day from all of us at WWF!” Facebook, 22 Apr. 2019, www.facebook.com/worldwildlifefund/photos/ a.58993914793/10156574728914794.

World Wildlife Fund. “Five Things to Know on Shark Awareness Day.” Facebook, 14 July 2020, www.facebook.com/ worldwildlifefund/videos/745925785979440/.

World Wildlife Fund. “Photos.” Facebook, 2020, www.facebook.com/ worldwildlifefund/photos/.

Varro-reatinus. Comment on U/reggiew07’s review of King Leopold’s Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa, by Adam Hochschild. Reddit, 31 Oct. 2020, www.reddit.com/r/books/ comments/jlbrs4/king_leopolds_ghost_a_story_of_greed_terror_and/.

The Washington Post. “The Empire State Building Is Lighting the Way.” Snapchat, 30 June 2020, www.snapchat.com/discover/ The_Washington_Post/8241762018.

If an author’s online handle differs from the author’s account name (fig. 5.13), it may be helpful to supply the handle in square brackets after the name.

When the handle and account name are similar (e.g., Angie Thomas, @angiethomas), you can usually omit the handle if you include the URL in your entry.

If you do not include the URL—for instance, if you access the post from a mobile device or you follow the option presented in 5.84 to omit URLs— retain the handle since it is a useful finding aid.

用户名与账户名不同（Handbook §5.16 / fig. 5.13）：

Fogarty, Mignon [@GrammarGirl]. “Every once in a while, that Gmail notice asking if you meant to reply to a 5-day-old message is quite helpful.” Twitter, 13 Feb. 2019, twitter.com/GrammarGirl/status/1095734401550303232.

相似用户名因含URL而省略（Handbook §5.16 Thomas）：

Thomas, Angie. Photo of The Hate U Give cover. Instagram, 4 Dec. 2018, www.instagram.com/p/Bq_PaXKgqPw/.

相似用户名因含URL而省略（Style Center TikTok主页）：

Keys, Alicia. “Videos.” TikTok, 2020, www.tiktok.com/@aliciakeys?lang=en.

无URL，故保留用户名（Handbook §5.16）：

Nguyen, Viet Thanh [@viet_t_nguyen]. “I could put on my headphones at the Chinese restaurant or I could listen to @barrymanilow sing ‘Mandy.’ I choose Mandy.” Twitter, 19 Feb. 2019.

When a digital message or social media post consists entirely of a photograph or a video, provide a description for a title (see fig. 5.15).

You may also choose to provide a description in place of text from the post itself when your discussion focuses on a nontextual part of the post such as a photograph or a video.

使用帖文文字（Handbook / Style Center）：

Chaucer Doth Tweet [@LeVostreGC]. “A daye wythout anachronism ys lyke Emily Dickinson wythout her lightsaber.” Twitter, 7 Apr. 2018, twitter.com/LeVostreGC/status/982829987286827009.

用省略号缩短长帖：

Smith, Clint. “Today is Frederick Douglass’ 200th birthday . . . .” Twitter, 14 Feb. 2018, twitter.com/ClintSmithIII/status/963810866964639745.

无文字：描述图片（Handbook fig. 5.15 / Style Center）：

Ng, Celeste [@pronounced_ing]. Photo of letter from Shirley Jackson. Twitter, 22 Jan. 2018, twitter.com/pronounced_ing/status/955528799357231104.

即使Pin有其他文字也描述图片（Handbook / Style Center）：

MacLeod, Michael. Cover of Space Cat and the Kittens, by Ruthven Todd. Pinterest, 2020, www.pinterest.com/pin/565412928193207246/.

散文式，然后是Fogarty条目：

As one writer remarked, “Every once in a while, that Gmail notice asking if you meant to reply to a 5-day-old message is quite helpful” (Fogarty).

Fogarty, Mignon [@GrammarGirl]. “Every once in a while, that Gmail notice asking if you meant to reply to a 5-day-old message is quite helpful.” Twitter, 13 Feb. 2019, twitter.com/GrammarGirl/status/1095734401550303232.

散文式，然后是Ng照片条目：

Celeste Ng posted a photo of a letter from Shirley Jackson in which Jackson wrote, “If you don’t like my peaches, don’t shake my tree” (Ng).

Ng, Celeste [@pronounced_ing]. Photo of letter from Shirley Jackson. Twitter, 22 Jan. 2018, twitter.com/pronounced_ing/status/955528799357231104.

@colsonwhitehead (Colson Whitehead) et al. “Do I have to google the meaning of ‘neo-liberal,’ like I did ‘Ed Hardy’ and ‘One Direction,’ or can I just wait it out?” Twitter, 18 Dec. 2017, twitter.com/colsonwhitehead/ status/942830808343203840.

Responses to Colson Whitehead’s snark-laden tweet on the term neoliberal were, by turns, funny, informational, dismissive of the term, and insistent on the term’s importance (@colsonwhitehead et al.).

To access the URL of a Facebook post, click the time stamp near the top of the post and then copy the URL of the page.

官方文内引用，然后是帖文：

On Facebook the World Wildlife Fund announced the birth of twenty-three endangered glossy black cockatoo chicks.

Post:

World Wildlife Fund. “Inspiring conservation news: 23 endangered glossy black cockatoo chicks hatched on Kangaroo Island, an area previously ravaged by Australia’s devastating bushfires.” Facebook, 8 July 2020, www.facebook.com/worldwildlifefund/posts/10157806449919794.

官方文内引用（地球日照片）：

The World Wildlife Fund celebrated Earth Day on its Facebook page with a photo of a wolf cub.

照片：

World Wildlife Fund. “Happy Earth Day from all of us at WWF!” Facebook, 22 Apr. 2019, www.facebook.com/worldwildlifefund/photos/a.58993914793/10156574728914794.

Video:

World Wildlife Fund. “Five Things to Know on Shark Awareness Day.” Facebook, 14 July 2020, www.facebook.com/worldwildlifefund/videos/745925785979440/.

Photos标签 / 页面：

World Wildlife Fund. “Photos.” Facebook, 2020, www.facebook.com/worldwildlifefund/photos/.

官方文内引用（带标题帖文）：

Michael Chabon paid tribute to Milton Glaser by posting one of the designer’s iconic images on Instagram.

带标题的帖文：

Chabon, Michael. “#rip Milton Glaser. I grew up in his work. So hard to pick a favorite, maybe this, which also features one of the many awesome typefaces he designed, Baby Teeth. #mahaliajackson #miltonglaser.” Instagram, 28 June 2020, www.instagram.com/p/CB-E9gngVwo/.

官方文内引用（烧毁的书照片）：

Angie Thomas posted a photo of a burned copy of her book The Hate U Give, the only item to survive a young fan’s house fire.

照片（Style Center说明）：

Thomas, Angie. Photo of burned copy of The Hate U Give. Instagram, 4 Dec. 2018, www.instagram.com/p/Bq_PaXKgqPw/.

官方文内引用，然后是视频：

In Hamilton, when the colonists rebel against England, King George expresses his feelings in a humorous solo. “Remember we made an arrangement when you went away. Now you’re making me mad,” he sings (Hamilton Videos).

Hamilton Videos [@hamilton.vods]. Video of King George in Hamilton. Instagram, 5 July 2020, www.instagram.com/p/CCPEUJLDz0l/.

官方文内引用，然后是主页：

You can learn more about the author of Bad Feminist on her Instagram account (Gay).

Gay, Roxane. “Posts.” Instagram, 2020, www.instagram.com/roxanegay74/.

Highlight:

Guggenheim Museum. “People.” Instagram, 2020, www.instagram.com/stories/highlights/17850044881917911/.

未保存的Story：

The Museum of Modern Art. Image of Fernand Léger’s The Three Musicians. Instagram, 14 July 2020, www.instagram.com/stories/themuseumofmodernart/2353246125954046321.

Note that Instagram stories disappear after twenty-four hours unless the creator saves them as a highlight. You can still cite unsaved stories by providing a description of the image or video, the date it was posted, and the URL of the story.

Many social media sites allow users to change the text of captions at any time after they have been posted, without any indication that the text has been changed. For that reason, it’s a good idea to include an access date in any citations of posts in which the text could have changed after being posted. In this kind of citation, you would include both the original publication date given for the post in the Publication Date element and an access date at the end of the entry. The following provides an example:

National Park Service. “Bloom there it is!” Instagram, 28 Mar. 2025, www.instagram.com/p/DHv9ctKuRgq/?igsh=ZHRtMXFvbGlyOXcw. Accessed 4 Apr. 2025.

官方文内引用，然后是视频：

An example of the Dark Academic aesthetic can be found on TikTok (Lilly).

Video:

Lilly [@uvisaa]. “[I]f u like dark academia there’s a good chance you’ve seen my tumblr #darkacademia.” TikTok, 2020, www.tiktok.com/@uvisaa/video/6815708894900391173.

主页：

Keys, Alicia. “Videos.” TikTok, 2020, www.tiktok.com/@aliciakeys?lang=en.

Note that the Reddit post, which reviews the book King Leopold’s Ghost, provides the book title as the title of the post, so the title of the Reddit post is a description that includes the book title: Review of King Leopold’s Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa, by Adam Hochschild.

官方文内引用（论坛帖）：

A recent review on Reddit notes that Adam Hochschild’s King Leopold’s Ghost “brings heartbreaking humanity to this genocidal tragedy by telling stories of individuals” (U/reggiew07).

论坛帖：

U/reggiew07. Review of King Leopold’s Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa, by Adam Hochschild. Reddit, 31 Oct. 2020, www.reddit.com/r/books/comments/jlbrs4/king_leopolds_ghost_a_story_of_greed_terror_and/.

官方文内引用（评论）：

After seeing a review on Reddit of Adam Hochschild’s King Leopold’s Ghost, a commenter recommended King Leopold’s Soliloquy, by Mark Twain (Varro-reatinus).

论坛评论：

Varro-reatinus. Comment on U/reggiew07’s review of King Leopold’s Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa, by Adam Hochschild. Reddit, 31 Oct. 2020, www.reddit.com/r/books/comments/jlbrs4/king_leopolds_ghost_a_story_of_greed_terror_and/.

官方LinkedIn文内引用，然后是帖文：

A professional association asks on its LinkedIn page, “Does higher education need to shift its focus?” (Modern Language Association).

LinkedIn，仅年份，文字缩短：

Modern Language Association. “Business leaders say college graduates are not effectively prepared with either soft or technical skills for today’s workforce . . . .” LinkedIn, 2020, www.linkedin.com/posts/modern-language-association_are-colleges-finally-going-to-start-training-activity-6683424396222193664-y29x.

官方文内引用，然后是LinkedIn主页：

You can learn more about William Jelani Cobb on his LinkedIn page.

Cobb, William Jelani. “William Jelani Cobb, Ph.D.” LinkedIn, 2020, www.linkedin.com/in/jelanicobb/.

官方文内引用，然后是Pinterest收藏：

On the Pinterest page of the website The Rockle, you can find quotations from various famous works.

The Rockle. “Quotes: Classic Literature.” Pinterest, 2020, www.pinterest.com/therockle/quotes-classic-literature/.

Pinterest图片：

MacLeod, Michael. Cover of Space Cat and the Kittens, by Ruthven Todd. Pinterest, 2020, www.pinterest.com/pin/565412928193207246/.

官方文内引用，然后是Snapchat照片：

Michelle Obama posed with students at a school in Vietnam in December 2019 (Obama).

Snapchat，账户URL加访问日期（Style Center）：

Obama, Michelle. Photo with students in Vietnam. Snapchat, www.snapchat.com/add/michelleobama. Accessed 14 July 2020.

Snapchat，有日历日期（Handbook §5.23）：

Wilson, Rebel. Video of tire-flipping exercise. Snapchat, 14 July 2020, www.snapchat.com/add/rebelwilsonsnap.

官方文内引用，然后是Snapchat Discover故事：

According to The Washington Post, the Empire State Building is a model of sustainable architecture (The Washington Post).

The Washington Post. “The Empire State Building Is Lighting the Way.” Snapchat, 30 June 2020, www.snapchat.com/discover/The_Washington_Post/8241762018.

Snapchat节目：

Get Creative. Snapchat, www.snapchat.com/discover/Get_Creative/2712021323. Accessed 14 July 2020.

Snapchat主页：

Our Black Voices. Profile. Snapchat, www.snapchat.com/discover/OUR_BLACK_VOICES/9235399158. Accessed 14 July 2020.

Threads模板：

Last Name, First Name [@handle]. “Text of the post.” Threads, Day Mon. Year, permalink.

Bluesky模板：

Last Name, First Name [@handle]. “Text of the post.” Bluesky, Day Mon. Year, permalink.

When a time is given and helps define and locate the work, include it. Times should be expressed in whatever form you find them in the source: the twelve hour-clock form (2:00 p.m.) or the twenty-four-hour-clock form (14:00). Include time zone information when provided and pertinent.

MLA Handbook, 9th edition, §5.80.

An access date for an online work should generally be provided if the work lacks a publication date or if you suspect that the work has been altered or removed.

MLA Handbook, 9th edition, §5.111.

无版权日的移动主页（Style Center）：

World Wildlife Fund. “Photos.” Facebook, www.facebook.com/worldwildlifefund/. Accessed 14 July 2020.

Create an in-text citation of a social media post the same way you would create an in-text citation for any other source: provide the shortest piece of information that directs your reader to the relevant entry in the works-cited list.

You would cite an Instagram post the way you would cite any other work—by author and, in this case, by title, since there will be more than one works-cited-list entry under the author’s name.

具名作者（Style Center Fogarty）：

(Fogarty)

具名作者（Style Center Klein散文）：

In a wry post, Ezra Klein wrote that his phone was “autocorrecting ‘I’ to ‘AI’ which is a little on-the-nose” (Klein).

照片条目（Style Center Ng）：

(Ng)

Reddit用户名作首项：

(U/reggiew07)

同一账户两条Instagram帖（加缩短标题）：

(Gay, “Posts”) and a second Gay line keyed to that post’s title or description

Emojis do not need to be included in the titles of tweets. If the emoji is important to the meaning of the tweet, you should describe the emoji in your prose.

If the tweet’s text is composed solely of the emoji itself, its title in the works-cited list should be a generic description of the emoji (MLA Handbook 28–29).

Yes. Since hashtags are used for a variety of reasons in tweets—to categorize the tweet, to communicate with a group, to convey humor, and so on—hashtags should be included in quotations of tweets. And hashtags can provide important information about tweets, so they should be included in the titles of tweets in entries in the works-cited list.

第八版用户名在前的表情符号示例（不要把作者顺序抄进MLA第9版）：

@BTS_twt. Microphone emoji. Twitter, 27 Feb. 2018, twitter.com/BTS_twt/status/968572393718407168.

第八版用户名在前的标签示例（不要把作者顺序抄进MLA第9版）：

@persianwiki. “We have report of large street battles in east & west of Tehran now – #Iranelection.” Twitter, 23 June 2009, twitter.com/persianwiki/status/2298106072.

@NASA. “We’re going back to the Moon with Artemis to prepare for Mars.” X, 12 Aug. 2024, 9:30 a.m., x.com/NASA/status/1234567890123456789.

Harvard Library. “We’re excited to announce that more than 40,000 images from our archives are now available online for free public access.” Facebook, 5 Mar. 2021. www.facebook.com/HarvardLibrary/posts/10159512345678901.

Hamilton Videos [hamilton.vods]. Video of King George in Hamilton. Instagram, 5 July 2020, www.instagram.com/p/CCPEUJLDz0l.

@loudpositivity. “Accept no one’s definition of your life; define yourself.” Twitter, 27 May 2019, 12:17 p.m., https://twitter.com/loudpositivity/status/1133029562953142273.