如何用APA、MLA和Chicago格式引用社交媒体

APA 7参考文献：

Author, A. A. [@username]. (Year, Month Day). First 20 words of the post [Image attached] [Post]. X. https://xxxxx

APA 7括号内：

(Author, Year)

MLA 9引用作品：

Author [@handle]. “Text of the post.” X, Day Mon. Year, permalink.

MLA 9文内：

(Author)

Chicago注释：

1. Author Name (@handle), “Quoted text or short description,” Platform, Month Day, Year, URL.

Chicago行文：

Author's post made the claim (@handle, Month Day, Year).

无法复原的私信（任何体例）：

(A. A. Author, personal communication, Month Day, Year)

APA Publication Manual §10.15，Camosun据pp. 348–350转述

Cite only original content from social media sites such as Twitter, Facebook, Reddit, Instagram, Tumblr, LinkedIn, and so forth. If you used social media to discover content (e.g., you found a link to a blog post on Pinterest or Twitter) and you want to cite the content, cite it directly.

MLA Style Center, “Citing Material Posted on Social Media Platforms”（2021年6月16日）

To cite material posted on a social media platform, follow the MLA format template. List the author of the post, usually the account name, followed by the title of the material or a description in place of a title in the Title of Source element. Then list the title of the social media site in the Title of Container element. Next list the publisher, unless the name of the site’s publisher is essentially the same as the website title. Then provide the date of publication of the post—if given—or the copyright date of the page. Finally, list the URL in the Location element. As always, key your in-text reference to the first element of the entry. The in-text reference may appear in prose or parentheses.

Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide, Notes and Bibliography（2026年9月18日打开）

Citations of content posted to social media can usually be limited to the text (as in the first example below). A note may be added if a more formal citation is needed. In rare cases, a bibliography entry may also be appropriate. In place of a title, quote up to the first 280 characters of the post. Comments are cited in reference to the original post.

After Twitter's name changed to X in 2023, the term "post" replaced "tweet." As in the example, references to posts that predate the change should use the new terms, since that's what readers will see when they follow the link to the source.

X帖，Common Reference Examples（2026年3月3日）：

Obama, B. [@BarackObama]. (2024, May 17). Today marks 70 years since the Supreme Court handed down its landmark decision in Brown v. Board of Education, outlawing [Post]. X. https://x.com/BarackObama/status/1791540592238874953

括号内引用：

(Obama, 2024)

X帖，个人作者（APA Style X references）：

Gates, B. [@BillGates]. (2019, September 7). Today, it’s difficult for researchers to diagnose #Alzheimers patients early enough to intervene. A reliable, easy and accurate diagnostic would [Thumbnail with link attached] [Post]. X. https://x.com/BillGates/status/1170305718425137152

括号内引用：

(Gates, 2019)

Facebook帖（APA Style Facebook references）：

News From Science. (2019, June 21). Are you a fan of astronomy? Enjoy reading about what scientists have discovered in our solar system—and beyond? This [Image attached] [Status update]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/ScienceNOW/photos/a.117532185107/10156268057260108/?type=3&theater

Instagram照片（APA Style Instagram references）：

Philadelphia Museum of Art [@philamuseum]. (2019, December 3). “It’s always wonderful to walk in and see my work in a collection where it’s loved, and where people are” [Photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/B5oDnnNhOt4/

TikTok视频（APA Style / APA Style blog）：

Cook, P. [@chemteacherphil]. (2021, September 17). Fighting fire with fire. #sciencetok #learnontiktok [Video]. TikTok. https://www.tiktok.com/@chemteacherphil/video/7008953610872605957

Reddit评论（APA Style online forum references）：

Gates, B. [thisisbillgates]. (2017, February 27). Philanthropy is small as a part of the overall economy so it can’t do things like fund health care or [Comment on the online forum post I’m Bill Gates, co-chair of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Ask me anything.]. Reddit. https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/5whpqs/im_bill_gates_cochair_of_the_bill_melinda_gates/dea82mk/

参考文献：

Royal Roads University. [@royalroads.ca]. (2025, July 25). Royal Roads is a signatory to the San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment. We join thousands of institutions and individuals [Post]. Bluesky. https://bsky.app/profile/royalroads.ca/post/3lusztqfqbc2r

括号内引用：

(Royal Roads University, 2025)

Because posts published formerly on Twitter now exist on X, we recommend using X as the title of container for any posts published on the platform, past and present.

With the name change came other changes as well: what used to be called tweets are now called posts. To be up-to-date, avoid referring to “tweets” and the corresponding verb form (“so-and-so tweeted”) in your prose.

引用作品，更名后发布的帖：

O’Connor, Kim. “Kelly Link on ‘nighttime logic.’” X, 13 Feb. 2024, twitter.com/shallowbrigade/status/1757476492647219227.

引用作品，现已位于X上的2022年帖：

Klein, Ezra. “My phone keeps autocorrecting ‘I’ to ‘AI’ which is a little on-the-nose.” X, 22 Apr. 2022, twitter.com/ezraklein/status/1517591690101489665.

X / Twitter帖（旧页仍印 Twitter）：

Chaucer Doth Tweet [@LeVostreGC]. “A daye wythout anachronism ys lyke Emily Dickinson wythout her lightsaber.” Twitter, 7 Apr. 2018, twitter.com/LeVostreGC/status/982829987286827009.

因与姓名相符且已有URL而省略用户名：

Keys, Alicia. “Videos.” TikTok, 2020, www.tiktok.com/@aliciakeys?lang=en.

没有URL，故保留用户名（移动端 / §5.16）：

Nguyen, Viet Thanh [@viet_t_nguyen]. “I could put on my headphones at the Chinese restaurant or I could listen to @barrymanilow sing ‘Mandy.’ I choose Mandy.” Twitter, 19 Feb. 2019.

Facebook照片：

World Wildlife Fund. “Happy Earth Day from all of us at WWF!” Facebook, 22 Apr. 2019, www.facebook.com/worldwildlifefund/photos/a.58993914793/10156574728914794.

Instagram视频，因用户名与账户名不像而保留：

Hamilton Videos [@hamilton.vods]. Video of King George in Hamilton. Instagram, 5 July 2020, www.instagram.com/p/CCPEUJLDz0l/.

没有唯一URL的Snapchat照片：

Obama, Michelle. Photo with students in Vietnam. Snapchat, www.snapchat.com/add/michelleobama. Accessed 14 July 2020.

行文（官方样本）：

The Instagram post included a photo of the president delivering a eulogy at the National Cathedral and referred to O’Connor as “gracious and principled” (@potus, December 19, 2023).

首次注释，X / Twitter：

1. NASA Webb Telescope (@NASAWebb), “👀 Sneak a peek at the deepest & sharpest infrared image of the early universe ever taken—all in a day’s work for the Webb telescope. (Literally, capturing it took less than a day!),” Twitter (now X), July 11, 2022, https://twitter.com/NASAWebb/status/1546621080298835970.

首次注释，Facebook：

2. Chicago Manual of Style, “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in 1993,” Facebook, April 17, 2015, https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151.

缩短注释：

3. NASA Webb Telescope, “👀 Sneak a peek.”

评论注释：

4. Michele Truty, April 17, 2015, 1:09 p.m., comment on Chicago Manual of Style, “singular they.”

参考文献（少见；官方样本）：

Chicago Manual of Style. “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in 1993.” Facebook, April 17, 2015. https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151.

Citations of content posted to social media can usually be limited to the text (as in the first example below). If a more formal citation is needed, a reference list entry may be appropriate. In place of a title, quote up to the first 280 characters of the post. Comments are cited in reference to the original post.

参考文献表：

NASA Webb Telescope (@NASAWebb). 2022. “👀 Sneak a peek at the deepest & sharpest infrared image of the early universe ever taken—all in a day’s work for the Webb telescope. (Literally, capturing it took less than a day!).” Twitter (now X), July 11. https://twitter.com/NASAWebb/status/1546621080298835970.

文内：

(NASA Webb Telescope 2022)

文内评论：

(Michele Truty, April 17, 2015, 1:09 p.m., comment on Chicago Manual of Style 2015)

私人通信，含社交私信（Notes and Bibliography）：

Personal communications, including email and text messages and direct messages sent through social media, are usually cited in the text or in a note only; they are rarely included in a bibliography.

私人通信（Author-Date，2026年9月18日打开）：

Personal communications, including email and text messages and direct messages sent through social media, are usually cited in the text only; they are rarely included in a reference list.

Facebook私信注释（14.111）：

5. Sam Gomez, Facebook direct message to author, August 1, 2024.

Facebook私信，Author-Date文内：

(Sam Gomez, Facebook direct message to author, August 1, 2024)

首次注释：

18. Roxane Gay (@rgay), “The bags under my eyes are quite roomy,” X (formerly known as Twitter), June 17, 2018, 3:59 p.m., https://twitter.com/rgay/status/1008484262763483136.

Author-Date文内：

(Gay 2018)

APA，读者打不开URL：

(A. A. Author, personal communication, March 4, 2026)

MLA，没有公开副本：

Name the account and the date in your prose. Do not invent a works-cited permalink.

必须记录删除时的Chicago注释：

Author Name (@handle), “Quoted text,” Platform, Month Day, Year (post deleted).