MLA 9에서 소셜 미디어 게시물을 인용하는 방법

인용 문헌, 이름과 다른 핸들:

Last Name, First Name [@handle]. “Text of the post.” X, Day Mon. Year, permalink.

인용 문헌, 비슷한 핸들과 URL:

Last Name, First Name. “Text of the post.” Instagram, Day Mon. Year, permalink.

인용 문헌, 이미지만 또는 동영상만 있는 경우:

Author. Title of the image or video. TikTok, Day Mon. Year, permalink.

인용 문헌, 내용이 바뀌는 프로필:

Last Name, First Name. “Posts.” Instagram, Year, profile URL.

인용 문헌, 편집 가능한 캡션과 접근일:

Author. “Text of the post.” Instagram, Day Mon. Year, permalink. Accessed Day Mon. Year.

인용 문헌, URL이 없는 모바일 게시물:

Last Name, First Name [@handle]. “Text of the post.” X, Day Mon. Year.

본문 내 괄호 인용:

(Last Name) or (Account Name) — match the first element

본문의 서술형 인용:

Last Name writes that . . .

To use the template, record the publication information given by the version of the work you consult by first evaluating the work you are citing to see which elements apply to the source. Then, list each element relevant to your source in the order given on the template. Omit any element that does not apply except Title of Source. If no title is given, use your own description of the work as the title. Conclude each element with the punctuation mark shown in the template—but always end your entry with a period.

To cite material posted on a social media platform, follow the MLA format template. List the author of the post, usually the account name, followed by the title of the material or a description in place of a title in the Title of Source element. Then list the title of the social media site in the Title of Container element. Next list the publisher, unless the name of the site’s publisher is essentially the same as the website title. Then provide the date of publication of the post—if given—or the copyright date of the page. Finally, list the URL in the Location element. As always, key your in-text reference to the first element of the entry. The in-text reference may appear in prose or parentheses.

Because posts published formerly on Twitter now exist on X, we recommend using X as the title of container for any posts published on the platform, past and present.

With the name change came other changes as well: what used to be called tweets are now called posts. To be up-to-date, avoid referring to “tweets” and the corresponding verb form (“so-and-so tweeted”) in your prose.

인용 문헌, 명칭 변경 후 게시된 글:

O’Connor, Kim. “Kelly Link on ‘nighttime logic.’” X, 13 Feb. 2024, twitter.com/shallowbrigade/status/1757476492647219227.

인용 문헌, 현재 X에 있는 2022년 게시물:

Klein, Ezra. “My phone keeps autocorrecting ‘I’ to ‘AI’ which is a little on-the-nose.” X, 22 Apr. 2022, twitter.com/ezraklein/status/1517591690101489665.

Klein 항목에 대한 공식 Style Center 본문 내 인용:

In a wry post, Ezra Klein wrote that his phone was “autocorrecting ‘I’ to ‘AI’ which is a little on-the-nose” (Klein).

Fogarty, Mignon [@GrammarGirl]. “Every once in a while, that Gmail notice asking if you meant to reply to a 5-day-old message is quite helpful.” Twitter, 13 Feb. 2019, twitter.com/GrammarGirl/status/ 1095734401550303232.

Ng, Celeste [@pronounced_ing]. Photo of letter from Shirley Jackson. Twitter, 22 Jan. 2018, twitter.com/pronounced_ing/status/ 955528799357231104.

World Wildlife Fund. “Happy Earth Day from all of us at WWF!” Facebook, 22 Apr. 2019, www.facebook.com/worldwildlifefund/photos/ a.58993914793/10156574728914794.

World Wildlife Fund. “Five Things to Know on Shark Awareness Day.” Facebook, 14 July 2020, www.facebook.com/ worldwildlifefund/videos/745925785979440/.

World Wildlife Fund. “Photos.” Facebook, 2020, www.facebook.com/ worldwildlifefund/photos/.

Varro-reatinus. Comment on U/reggiew07’s review of King Leopold’s Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa, by Adam Hochschild. Reddit, 31 Oct. 2020, www.reddit.com/r/books/ comments/jlbrs4/king_leopolds_ghost_a_story_of_greed_terror_and/.

The Washington Post. “The Empire State Building Is Lighting the Way.” Snapchat, 30 June 2020, www.snapchat.com/discover/ The_Washington_Post/8241762018.

If an author’s online handle differs from the author’s account name (fig. 5.13), it may be helpful to supply the handle in square brackets after the name.

When the handle and account name are similar (e.g., Angie Thomas, @angiethomas), you can usually omit the handle if you include the URL in your entry.

If you do not include the URL—for instance, if you access the post from a mobile device or you follow the option presented in 5.84 to omit URLs— retain the handle since it is a useful finding aid.

핸들이 계정명과 다른 경우 (Handbook §5.16 / 그림 5.13):

Fogarty, Mignon [@GrammarGirl]. “Every once in a while, that Gmail notice asking if you meant to reply to a 5-day-old message is quite helpful.” Twitter, 13 Feb. 2019, twitter.com/GrammarGirl/status/1095734401550303232.

URL이 있어 비슷한 핸들을 생략한 경우 (Handbook §5.16 Thomas):

Thomas, Angie. Photo of The Hate U Give cover. Instagram, 4 Dec. 2018, www.instagram.com/p/Bq_PaXKgqPw/.

URL이 있어 비슷한 핸들을 생략한 경우 (Style Center TikTok 프로필):

Keys, Alicia. “Videos.” TikTok, 2020, www.tiktok.com/@aliciakeys?lang=en.

URL이 없어 핸들을 남긴 경우 (Handbook §5.16):

Nguyen, Viet Thanh [@viet_t_nguyen]. “I could put on my headphones at the Chinese restaurant or I could listen to @barrymanilow sing ‘Mandy.’ I choose Mandy.” Twitter, 19 Feb. 2019.

When a digital message or social media post consists entirely of a photograph or a video, provide a description for a title (see fig. 5.15).

You may also choose to provide a description in place of text from the post itself when your discussion focuses on a nontextual part of the post such as a photograph or a video.

게시물 본문 사용 (Handbook / Style Center):

Chaucer Doth Tweet [@LeVostreGC]. “A daye wythout anachronism ys lyke Emily Dickinson wythout her lightsaber.” Twitter, 7 Apr. 2018, twitter.com/LeVostreGC/status/982829987286827009.

긴 게시물을 말줄임표로 줄이기:

Smith, Clint. “Today is Frederick Douglass’ 200th birthday . . . .” Twitter, 14 Feb. 2018, twitter.com/ClintSmithIII/status/963810866964639745.

본문 없음: 이미지 설명 (Handbook 그림 5.15 / Style Center):

Ng, Celeste [@pronounced_ing]. Photo of letter from Shirley Jackson. Twitter, 22 Jan. 2018, twitter.com/pronounced_ing/status/955528799357231104.

핀에 다른 글이 있어도 이미지 설명 (Handbook / Style Center):

MacLeod, Michael. Cover of Space Cat and the Kittens, by Ruthven Todd. Pinterest, 2020, www.pinterest.com/pin/565412928193207246/.

서술형 인용과 Fogarty 항목:

As one writer remarked, “Every once in a while, that Gmail notice asking if you meant to reply to a 5-day-old message is quite helpful” (Fogarty).

Fogarty, Mignon [@GrammarGirl]. “Every once in a while, that Gmail notice asking if you meant to reply to a 5-day-old message is quite helpful.” Twitter, 13 Feb. 2019, twitter.com/GrammarGirl/status/1095734401550303232.

서술형 인용과 Ng 사진 항목:

Celeste Ng posted a photo of a letter from Shirley Jackson in which Jackson wrote, “If you don’t like my peaches, don’t shake my tree” (Ng).

Ng, Celeste [@pronounced_ing]. Photo of letter from Shirley Jackson. Twitter, 22 Jan. 2018, twitter.com/pronounced_ing/status/955528799357231104.

@colsonwhitehead (Colson Whitehead) et al. “Do I have to google the meaning of ‘neo-liberal,’ like I did ‘Ed Hardy’ and ‘One Direction,’ or can I just wait it out?” Twitter, 18 Dec. 2017, twitter.com/colsonwhitehead/ status/942830808343203840.

Responses to Colson Whitehead’s snark-laden tweet on the term neoliberal were, by turns, funny, informational, dismissive of the term, and insistent on the term’s importance (@colsonwhitehead et al.).

To access the URL of a Facebook post, click the time stamp near the top of the post and then copy the URL of the page.

공식 본문 내 인용과 게시물:

On Facebook the World Wildlife Fund announced the birth of twenty-three endangered glossy black cockatoo chicks.

게시물:

World Wildlife Fund. “Inspiring conservation news: 23 endangered glossy black cockatoo chicks hatched on Kangaroo Island, an area previously ravaged by Australia’s devastating bushfires.” Facebook, 8 July 2020, www.facebook.com/worldwildlifefund/posts/10157806449919794.

지구의 날 사진에 대한 공식 본문 내 인용:

The World Wildlife Fund celebrated Earth Day on its Facebook page with a photo of a wolf cub.

사진:

World Wildlife Fund. “Happy Earth Day from all of us at WWF!” Facebook, 22 Apr. 2019, www.facebook.com/worldwildlifefund/photos/a.58993914793/10156574728914794.

동영상:

World Wildlife Fund. “Five Things to Know on Shark Awareness Day.” Facebook, 14 July 2020, www.facebook.com/worldwildlifefund/videos/745925785979440/.

Photos 탭 / 페이지:

World Wildlife Fund. “Photos.” Facebook, 2020, www.facebook.com/worldwildlifefund/photos/.

캡션이 있는 게시물의 공식 본문 내 인용:

Michael Chabon paid tribute to Milton Glaser by posting one of the designer’s iconic images on Instagram.

캡션이 있는 게시물:

Chabon, Michael. “#rip Milton Glaser. I grew up in his work. So hard to pick a favorite, maybe this, which also features one of the many awesome typefaces he designed, Baby Teeth. #mahaliajackson #miltonglaser.” Instagram, 28 June 2020, www.instagram.com/p/CB-E9gngVwo/.

불에 탄 책 사진의 공식 본문 내 인용:

Angie Thomas posted a photo of a burned copy of her book The Hate U Give, the only item to survive a young fan’s house fire.

사진 (Style Center 설명):

Thomas, Angie. Photo of burned copy of The Hate U Give. Instagram, 4 Dec. 2018, www.instagram.com/p/Bq_PaXKgqPw/.

공식 본문 내 인용과 동영상:

In Hamilton, when the colonists rebel against England, King George expresses his feelings in a humorous solo. “Remember we made an arrangement when you went away. Now you’re making me mad,” he sings (Hamilton Videos).

Hamilton Videos [@hamilton.vods]. Video of King George in Hamilton. Instagram, 5 July 2020, www.instagram.com/p/CCPEUJLDz0l/.

공식 본문 내 인용과 프로필:

You can learn more about the author of Bad Feminist on her Instagram account (Gay).

Gay, Roxane. “Posts.” Instagram, 2020, www.instagram.com/roxanegay74/.

하이라이트:

Guggenheim Museum. “People.” Instagram, 2020, www.instagram.com/stories/highlights/17850044881917911/.

저장되지 않은 스토리:

The Museum of Modern Art. Image of Fernand Léger’s The Three Musicians. Instagram, 14 July 2020, www.instagram.com/stories/themuseumofmodernart/2353246125954046321.

Note that Instagram stories disappear after twenty-four hours unless the creator saves them as a highlight. You can still cite unsaved stories by providing a description of the image or video, the date it was posted, and the URL of the story.

Many social media sites allow users to change the text of captions at any time after they have been posted, without any indication that the text has been changed. For that reason, it’s a good idea to include an access date in any citations of posts in which the text could have changed after being posted. In this kind of citation, you would include both the original publication date given for the post in the Publication Date element and an access date at the end of the entry. The following provides an example:

National Park Service. “Bloom there it is!” Instagram, 28 Mar. 2025, www.instagram.com/p/DHv9ctKuRgq/?igsh=ZHRtMXFvbGlyOXcw. Accessed 4 Apr. 2025.

공식 본문 내 인용과 동영상:

An example of the Dark Academic aesthetic can be found on TikTok (Lilly).

동영상:

Lilly [@uvisaa]. “[I]f u like dark academia there’s a good chance you’ve seen my tumblr #darkacademia.” TikTok, 2020, www.tiktok.com/@uvisaa/video/6815708894900391173.

프로필:

Keys, Alicia. “Videos.” TikTok, 2020, www.tiktok.com/@aliciakeys?lang=en.

Note that the Reddit post, which reviews the book King Leopold’s Ghost, provides the book title as the title of the post, so the title of the Reddit post is a description that includes the book title: Review of King Leopold’s Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa, by Adam Hochschild.

포럼 게시물의 공식 본문 내 인용:

A recent review on Reddit notes that Adam Hochschild’s King Leopold’s Ghost “brings heartbreaking humanity to this genocidal tragedy by telling stories of individuals” (U/reggiew07).

포럼 게시물:

U/reggiew07. Review of King Leopold’s Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa, by Adam Hochschild. Reddit, 31 Oct. 2020, www.reddit.com/r/books/comments/jlbrs4/king_leopolds_ghost_a_story_of_greed_terror_and/.

댓글의 공식 본문 내 인용:

After seeing a review on Reddit of Adam Hochschild’s King Leopold’s Ghost, a commenter recommended King Leopold’s Soliloquy, by Mark Twain (Varro-reatinus).

포럼 댓글:

Varro-reatinus. Comment on U/reggiew07’s review of King Leopold’s Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa, by Adam Hochschild. Reddit, 31 Oct. 2020, www.reddit.com/r/books/comments/jlbrs4/king_leopolds_ghost_a_story_of_greed_terror_and/.

공식 LinkedIn 본문 내 인용과 게시물:

A professional association asks on its LinkedIn page, “Does higher education need to shift its focus?” (Modern Language Association).

LinkedIn, 연도만 표시하고 본문을 줄인 경우:

Modern Language Association. “Business leaders say college graduates are not effectively prepared with either soft or technical skills for today’s workforce . . . .” LinkedIn, 2020, www.linkedin.com/posts/modern-language-association_are-colleges-finally-going-to-start-training-activity-6683424396222193664-y29x.

공식 본문 내 인용과 LinkedIn 프로필:

You can learn more about William Jelani Cobb on his LinkedIn page.

Cobb, William Jelani. “William Jelani Cobb, Ph.D.” LinkedIn, 2020, www.linkedin.com/in/jelanicobb/.

공식 본문 내 인용과 Pinterest 컬렉션:

On the Pinterest page of the website The Rockle, you can find quotations from various famous works.

The Rockle. “Quotes: Classic Literature.” Pinterest, 2020, www.pinterest.com/therockle/quotes-classic-literature/.

Pinterest 이미지:

MacLeod, Michael. Cover of Space Cat and the Kittens, by Ruthven Todd. Pinterest, 2020, www.pinterest.com/pin/565412928193207246/.

공식 본문 내 인용과 Snapchat 사진:

Michelle Obama posed with students at a school in Vietnam in December 2019 (Obama).

Snapchat, 계정 URL과 접근일 (Style Center):

Obama, Michelle. Photo with students in Vietnam. Snapchat, www.snapchat.com/add/michelleobama. Accessed 14 July 2020.

달력 날짜가 있는 Snapchat (Handbook §5.23):

Wilson, Rebel. Video of tire-flipping exercise. Snapchat, 14 July 2020, www.snapchat.com/add/rebelwilsonsnap.

공식 본문 내 인용과 Snapchat Discover 스토리:

According to The Washington Post, the Empire State Building is a model of sustainable architecture (The Washington Post).

The Washington Post. “The Empire State Building Is Lighting the Way.” Snapchat, 30 June 2020, www.snapchat.com/discover/The_Washington_Post/8241762018.

Snapchat 쇼:

Get Creative. Snapchat, www.snapchat.com/discover/Get_Creative/2712021323. Accessed 14 July 2020.

Snapchat 프로필:

Our Black Voices. Profile. Snapchat, www.snapchat.com/discover/OUR_BLACK_VOICES/9235399158. Accessed 14 July 2020.

Threads 템플릿:

Last Name, First Name [@handle]. “Text of the post.” Threads, Day Mon. Year, permalink.

Bluesky 템플릿:

Last Name, First Name [@handle]. “Text of the post.” Bluesky, Day Mon. Year, permalink.

When a time is given and helps define and locate the work, include it. Times should be expressed in whatever form you find them in the source: the twelve hour-clock form (2:00 p.m.) or the twenty-four-hour-clock form (14:00). Include time zone information when provided and pertinent.

MLA Handbook, 9th edition, §5.80.

An access date for an online work should generally be provided if the work lacks a publication date or if you suspect that the work has been altered or removed.

MLA Handbook, 9th edition, §5.111.

저작권 날짜가 없는 모바일 프로필 (Style Center):

World Wildlife Fund. “Photos.” Facebook, www.facebook.com/worldwildlifefund/. Accessed 14 July 2020.

Create an in-text citation of a social media post the same way you would create an in-text citation for any other source: provide the shortest piece of information that directs your reader to the relevant entry in the works-cited list.

You would cite an Instagram post the way you would cite any other work—by author and, in this case, by title, since there will be more than one works-cited-list entry under the author’s name.

이름이 있는 저자 (Style Center Fogarty):

(Fogarty)

이름이 있는 저자 (Style Center Klein 서술형 인용):

In a wry post, Ezra Klein wrote that his phone was “autocorrecting ‘I’ to ‘AI’ which is a little on-the-nose” (Klein).

사진 항목 (Style Center Ng):

(Ng)

첫 요소가 Reddit 사용자 이름인 경우:

(U/reggiew07)

같은 계정의 Instagram 게시물 두 개 (축약 제목 추가):

(Gay, “Posts”) and a second Gay line keyed to that post’s title or description

Emojis do not need to be included in the titles of tweets. If the emoji is important to the meaning of the tweet, you should describe the emoji in your prose.

If the tweet’s text is composed solely of the emoji itself, its title in the works-cited list should be a generic description of the emoji (MLA Handbook 28–29).

Yes. Since hashtags are used for a variety of reasons in tweets—to categorize the tweet, to communicate with a group, to convey humor, and so on—hashtags should be included in quotations of tweets. And hashtags can provide important information about tweets, so they should be included in the titles of tweets in entries in the works-cited list.

제8판의 핸들 우선 이모지 예시 (MLA 9에 이 저자 순서를 복사하지 말 것):

@BTS_twt. Microphone emoji. Twitter, 27 Feb. 2018, twitter.com/BTS_twt/status/968572393718407168.

제8판의 핸들 우선 해시태그 예시 (MLA 9에 이 저자 순서를 복사하지 말 것):

@persianwiki. “We have report of large street battles in east & west of Tehran now – #Iranelection.” Twitter, 23 June 2009, twitter.com/persianwiki/status/2298106072.

@NASA. “We’re going back to the Moon with Artemis to prepare for Mars.” X, 12 Aug. 2024, 9:30 a.m., x.com/NASA/status/1234567890123456789.

Harvard Library. “We’re excited to announce that more than 40,000 images from our archives are now available online for free public access.” Facebook, 5 Mar. 2021. www.facebook.com/HarvardLibrary/posts/10159512345678901.

Hamilton Videos [hamilton.vods]. Video of King George in Hamilton. Instagram, 5 July 2020, www.instagram.com/p/CCPEUJLDz0l.

@loudpositivity. “Accept no one’s definition of your life; define yourself.” Twitter, 27 May 2019, 12:17 p.m., https://twitter.com/loudpositivity/status/1133029562953142273.