MLA 9로 소셜 미디어 게시물을 인용하는 법

Works Cited, 이름과 다른 핸들:

Last Name, First Name [@handle]. “Text of the post.” X, Day Mon. Year, permalink.

Works Cited, 비슷한 핸들과 URL:

Last Name, First Name. “Text of the post.” Instagram, Day Mon. Year, permalink.

Works Cited, 이미지나 동영상만:

Author. Title of the image or video. TikTok, Day Mon. Year, permalink.

Works Cited, 바뀌는 프로필:

Last Name, First Name. “Posts.” Instagram, Year, profile URL.

Works Cited, URL 없는 모바일 게시물:

Last Name, First Name [@handle]. “Text of the post.” X, Day Mon. Year.

본문, 괄호:

(Last Name) or (Account Name) — 첫 요소와 맞출 것

본문, 서술:

Last Name writes that . . .

To use the template, record the publication information given by the version of the work you consult by first evaluating the work you are citing to see which elements apply to the source. Then, list each element relevant to your source in the order given on the template. Omit any element that does not apply except Title of Source. If no title is given, use your own description of the work as the title. Conclude each element with the punctuation mark shown in the template—but always end your entry with a period.

To cite material posted on a social media platform, follow the MLA format template. List the author of the post, usually the account name, followed by the title of the material or a description in place of a title in the Title of Source element. Then list the title of the social media site in the Title of Container element. Next list the publisher, unless the name of the site’s publisher is essentially the same as the website title. Then provide the date of publication of the post—if given—or the copyright date of the page. Finally, list the URL in the Location element. As always, key your in-text reference to the first element of the entry. The in-text reference may appear in prose or parentheses.

Because posts published formerly on Twitter now exist on X, we recommend using X as the title of container for any posts published on the platform, past and present.

With the name change came other changes as well: what used to be called tweets are now called posts. To be up-to-date, avoid referring to “tweets” and the corresponding verb form (“so-and-so tweeted”) in your prose.

Works Cited, 개명 후에 공개된 게시물:

O’Connor, Kim. “Kelly Link on ‘nighttime logic.’” X, 13 Feb. 2024, twitter.com/shallowbrigade/status/1757476492647219227.

Works Cited, 이제 X에 있는 2022년 게시물:

Klein, Ezra. “My phone keeps autocorrecting ‘I’ to ‘AI’ which is a little on-the-nose.” X, 22 Apr. 2022, twitter.com/ezraklein/status/1517591690101489665.

Klein 줄의 공식 Style Center 본문 인용:

In a wry post, Ezra Klein wrote that his phone was “autocorrecting ‘I’ to ‘AI’ which is a little on-the-nose” (Klein).

If an author’s online handle differs from the author’s account name (fig. 5.13), it may be helpful to supply the handle in square brackets after the name.

When the handle and account name are similar (e.g., Angie Thomas, @angiethomas), you can usually omit the handle if you include the URL in your entry.

If you do not include the URL—for instance, if you access the post from a mobile device or you follow the option presented in 5.84 to omit URLs— retain the handle since it is a useful finding aid.

핸들이 계정 이름과 다름(Handbook §5.16 / fig. 5.13):

Fogarty, Mignon [@GrammarGirl]. “Every once in a while, that Gmail notice asking if you meant to reply to a 5-day-old message is quite helpful.” Twitter, 13 Feb. 2019, twitter.com/GrammarGirl/status/1095734401550303232.

URL이 있어 비슷한 핸들을 생략(Handbook §5.16 Thomas):

Thomas, Angie. Photo of The Hate U Give cover. Instagram, 4 Dec. 2018, www.instagram.com/p/Bq_PaXKgqPw/.

URL이 있어 비슷한 핸들을 생략(Style Center TikTok 프로필):

Keys, Alicia. “Videos.” TikTok, 2020, www.tiktok.com/@aliciakeys?lang=en.

URL이 없으므로 핸들을 남김(Handbook §5.16):

Nguyen, Viet Thanh [@viet_t_nguyen]. “I could put on my headphones at the Chinese restaurant or I could listen to @barrymanilow sing ‘Mandy.’ I choose Mandy.” Twitter, 19 Feb. 2019.

When a digital message or social media post consists entirely of a photograph or a video, provide a description for a title (see fig. 5.15).

You may also choose to provide a description in place of text from the post itself when your discussion focuses on a nontextual part of the post such as a photograph or a video.

게시물 본문을 쓰세요(Handbook / Style Center):

Chaucer Doth Tweet [@LeVostreGC]. “A daye wythout anachronism ys lyke Emily Dickinson wythout her lightsaber.” Twitter, 7 Apr. 2018, twitter.com/LeVostreGC/status/982829987286827009.

긴 게시물은 줄임표로 줄이세요:

Smith, Clint. “Today is Frederick Douglass’ 200th birthday . . . .” Twitter, 14 Feb. 2018, twitter.com/ClintSmithIII/status/963810866964639745.

본문 없음: 이미지를 설명하세요(Handbook fig. 5.15 / Style Center):

Ng, Celeste [@pronounced_ing]. Photo of letter from Shirley Jackson. Twitter, 22 Jan. 2018, twitter.com/pronounced_ing/status/955528799357231104.

핀에 다른 글이 있어도 이미지를 설명하세요(Handbook / Style Center):

MacLeod, Michael. Cover of Space Cat and the Kittens, by Ruthven Todd. Pinterest, 2020, www.pinterest.com/pin/565412928193207246/.

서술, 이어서 Fogarty 항목:

As one writer remarked, “Every once in a while, that Gmail notice asking if you meant to reply to a 5-day-old message is quite helpful” (Fogarty).

Fogarty, Mignon [@GrammarGirl]. “Every once in a while, that Gmail notice asking if you meant to reply to a 5-day-old message is quite helpful.” Twitter, 13 Feb. 2019, twitter.com/GrammarGirl/status/1095734401550303232.

서술, 이어서 Ng 사진 항목:

Celeste Ng posted a photo of a letter from Shirley Jackson in which Jackson wrote, “If you don’t like my peaches, don’t shake my tree” (Ng).

Ng, Celeste [@pronounced_ing]. Photo of letter from Shirley Jackson. Twitter, 22 Jan. 2018, twitter.com/pronounced_ing/status/955528799357231104.

To access the URL of a Facebook post, click the time stamp near the top of the post and then copy the URL of the page.

공식 본문 인용, 이어서 게시물:

On Facebook the World Wildlife Fund announced the birth of twenty-three endangered glossy black cockatoo chicks.

게시물:

World Wildlife Fund. “Inspiring conservation news: 23 endangered glossy black cockatoo chicks hatched on Kangaroo Island, an area previously ravaged by Australia’s devastating bushfires.” Facebook, 8 July 2020, www.facebook.com/worldwildlifefund/posts/10157806449919794.

사진:

World Wildlife Fund. “Happy Earth Day from all of us at WWF!” Facebook, 22 Apr. 2019, www.facebook.com/worldwildlifefund/photos/a.58993914793/10156574728914794.

동영상:

World Wildlife Fund. “Five Things to Know on Shark Awareness Day.” Facebook, 14 July 2020, www.facebook.com/worldwildlifefund/videos/745925785979440/.

Photos 탭 / 페이지:

World Wildlife Fund. “Photos.” Facebook, 2020, www.facebook.com/worldwildlifefund/photos/.

캡션 있는 게시물의 공식 본문 인용:

Michael Chabon paid tribute to Milton Glaser by posting one of the designer’s iconic images on Instagram.

캡션 있는 게시물:

Chabon, Michael. “#rip Milton Glaser. I grew up in his work. So hard to pick a favorite, maybe this, which also features one of the many awesome typefaces he designed, Baby Teeth. #mahaliajackson #miltonglaser.” Instagram, 28 June 2020, www.instagram.com/p/CB-E9gngVwo/.

사진(Style Center 설명):

Thomas, Angie. Photo of burned copy of The Hate U Give. Instagram, 4 Dec. 2018, www.instagram.com/p/Bq_PaXKgqPw/.

공식 본문 인용, 이어서 동영상:

In Hamilton, when the colonists rebel against England, King George expresses his feelings in a humorous solo. “Remember we made an arrangement when you went away. Now you’re making me mad,” he sings (Hamilton Videos).

Hamilton Videos [@hamilton.vods]. Video of King George in Hamilton. Instagram, 5 July 2020, www.instagram.com/p/CCPEUJLDz0l/.

프로필:

Gay, Roxane. “Posts.” Instagram, 2020, www.instagram.com/roxanegay74/.

하이라이트:

Guggenheim Museum. “People.” Instagram, 2020, www.instagram.com/stories/highlights/17850044881917911/.

저장하지 않은 Story:

The Museum of Modern Art. Image of Fernand Léger’s The Three Musicians. Instagram, 14 July 2020, www.instagram.com/stories/themuseumofmodernart/2353246125954046321.

Note that Instagram stories disappear after twenty-four hours unless the creator saves them as a highlight. You can still cite unsaved stories by providing a description of the image or video, the date it was posted, and the URL of the story.

공식 본문 인용, 이어서 동영상:

An example of the Dark Academic aesthetic can be found on TikTok (Lilly).

동영상:

Lilly [@uvisaa]. “[I]f u like dark academia there’s a good chance you’ve seen my tumblr #darkacademia.” TikTok, 2020, www.tiktok.com/@uvisaa/video/6815708894900391173.

프로필:

Keys, Alicia. “Videos.” TikTok, 2020, www.tiktok.com/@aliciakeys?lang=en.

Note that the Reddit post, which reviews the book King Leopold’s Ghost, provides the book title as the title of the post, so the title of the Reddit post is a description that includes the book title: Review of King Leopold’s Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa, by Adam Hochschild.

포럼 게시물의 공식 본문 인용:

A recent review on Reddit notes that Adam Hochschild’s King Leopold’s Ghost “brings heartbreaking humanity to this genocidal tragedy by telling stories of individuals” (U/reggiew07).

포럼 게시물:

U/reggiew07. Review of King Leopold’s Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa, by Adam Hochschild. Reddit, 31 Oct. 2020, www.reddit.com/r/books/comments/jlbrs4/king_leopolds_ghost_a_story_of_greed_terror_and/.

포럼 댓글:

Varro-reatinus. Comment on U/reggiew07’s review of King Leopold’s Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa, by Adam Hochschild. Reddit, 31 Oct. 2020, www.reddit.com/r/books/comments/jlbrs4/king_leopolds_ghost_a_story_of_greed_terror_and/.

LinkedIn, 연도만, 본문 단축:

Modern Language Association. “Business leaders say college graduates are not effectively prepared with either soft or technical skills for today’s workforce . . . .” LinkedIn, 2020, www.linkedin.com/posts/modern-language-association_are-colleges-finally-going-to-start-training-activity-6683424396222193664-y29x.

Pinterest 이미지:

MacLeod, Michael. Cover of Space Cat and the Kittens, by Ruthven Todd. Pinterest, 2020, www.pinterest.com/pin/565412928193207246/.

Snapchat, 계정 URL과 열람일(Style Center):

Obama, Michelle. Photo with students in Vietnam. Snapchat, www.snapchat.com/add/michelleobama. Accessed 14 July 2020.

달력 날짜가 있는 Snapchat(Handbook §5.23):

Wilson, Rebel. Video of tire-flipping exercise. Snapchat, 14 July 2020, www.snapchat.com/add/rebelwilsonsnap.

Threads 템플릿:

Last Name, First Name [@handle]. “Text of the post.” Threads, Day Mon. Year, permalink.

Bluesky 템플릿:

Last Name, First Name [@handle]. “Text of the post.” Bluesky, Day Mon. Year, permalink.

When a time is given and helps define and locate the work, include it. Times should be expressed in whatever form you find them in the source: the twelve hour-clock form (2:00 p.m.) or the twenty-four-hour-clock form (14:00). Include time zone information when provided and pertinent.

MLA Handbook, 9th edition, §5.80.

An access date for an online work should generally be provided if the work lacks a publication date or if you suspect that the work has been altered or removed.

MLA Handbook, 9th edition, §5.111.

저작권 날짜가 없는 모바일 프로필(Style Center):

World Wildlife Fund. “Photos.” Facebook, www.facebook.com/worldwildlifefund/. Accessed 14 July 2020.

Create an in-text citation of a social media post the same way you would create an in-text citation for any other source: provide the shortest piece of information that directs your reader to the relevant entry in the works-cited list.

You would cite an Instagram post the way you would cite any other work—by author and, in this case, by title, since there will be more than one works-cited-list entry under the author’s name.

이름 있는 저자(Style Center Fogarty):

(Fogarty)

이름 있는 저자(Style Center Klein 서술):

In a wry post, Ezra Klein wrote that his phone was “autocorrecting ‘I’ to ‘AI’ which is a little on-the-nose” (Klein).

사진 항목(Style Center Ng):

(Ng)

첫 요소로서의 Reddit 사용자명:

(U/reggiew07)

같은 계정의 Instagram 게시물 둘(짧은 제목을 더하세요):

(Gay, “Posts”) and a second Gay line keyed to that post’s title or description

Emojis do not need to be included in the titles of tweets. If the emoji is important to the meaning of the tweet, you should describe the emoji in your prose.

If the tweet’s text is composed solely of the emoji itself, its title in the works-cited list should be a generic description of the emoji (MLA Handbook 28–29).

제8판 핸들 우선 이모지 예(이 저자 순서를 MLA 9에 복사하지 마세요):

@BTS_twt. Microphone emoji. Twitter, 27 Feb. 2018, twitter.com/BTS_twt/status/968572393718407168.