如何用 MLA 第9版引用图书

Works Cited，一位作者：

作者姓, 名. 书的标题. 出版社, 年份.

Works Cited，两位作者：

作者姓, 名, and 名 姓. 书的标题. 出版社, 年份.

Works Cited，三位或更多作者：

作者姓, 名, et al. 书的标题. 出版社, 年份.

Works Cited，整本书的编者：

编者姓, 名, editor. 书的标题. 出版社, 年份.

Works Cited，译本：

作者姓, 名. 书的标题. Translated by 名 姓, 出版社, 年份.

Works Cited，编号版次：

作者姓, 名. 书的标题. #th ed., 出版社, 年份.

Works Cited，设备上的电子书：

作者姓, 名. 书的标题. #th ed., e-book ed., 出版社, 年份.

Works Cited，数据库中的书：

作者姓, 名. 书的标题. 出版社, 年份. 数据库的标题, DOI 或 URL.

Works Cited，有声书：

作者姓, 名. 书的标题. Narrated by 名 姓, 出版社, 年份. Audiobook.

括号引用：

(作者 页码)

叙述性引用：

作者姓写道 . . . (页码).

To create a basic works-cited-list entry for a book, list the author, the title, the publisher, and the publication date.

When the source being documented forms part of a larger whole, the larger whole can be thought of as a container that holds the source. For example, a short story may be contained in an anthology. The short story is the source, and the anthology is the container.

Works Cited：

Mantel, Hilary. Wolf Hall. Picador, 2010.

括号引用（模板）：

(Mantel 页码)

叙述性引用（模板）：

Mantel 写道 . . . (页码).

Works Cited：

Dorris, Michael, and Louise Erdrich. The Crown of Columbus. HarperCollins Publishers, 1999.

括号引用（模板）：

(Dorris and Erdrich 页码)

叙述性引用（模板）：

Dorris and Erdrich 写道 . . . (页码).

In parenthetical citations and works-cited-list entries, the abbreviation should be set roman, as shown in the MLA Handbook (116, 22):

Works Cited：

Burdick, Anne, et al. Digital_Humanities. MIT P, 2012.

括号引用：

(Burdick et al. 42)

When a work is published without an author's name, begin the works-cited-list entry with the title of the work. Do not use Anonymous in place of an author's name:

Works Cited：

Beowulf. Translated by Alan Sullivan and Timothy Murphy, edited by Sarah Anderson, Pearson, 2004.

括号引用（模板）：

(Beowulf 页码)

Works Cited，作者现已查明（Style Center）：

[Luard, Kate]. Diary of a Nursing Sister on the Western Front, 1914-1915. Blackwood, 1915.

Works Cited：

Sánchez Prado, Ignacio M., editor. Mexican Literature in Theory. Bloomsbury, 2018.

括号引用（模板）：

(Sánchez Prado 页码)

Works Cited：

Zola, Émile. Germinal. Translated by Roger Pearson, Penguin Books, 2004.

Style Center 文内引用，译者的编号注释：

Zola's translator explains that the name of the town Le Voreux "suggests the 'voracious' nature of the mine" (533n2).

leftover-Zola-7n，第7页的无编号注释：

Zola's translator explains that the name of the town Le Voreux "suggests the 'voracious' nature of the mine" (7n).

若注释是焦点，Works Cited：

Pearson, Roger, translator. Germinal, by Émile Zola, Penguin Books, 2004.

Works Cited，书名后的初版年份：

Achebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart. 1959. Penguin Books, 2017.

Works Cited，末尾的初版出版社：

Achebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart. Penguin Books, 2017. Originally published by McDowell Obolensky, 1959.

Works Cited，Style Center 标本：

Brontë, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. Edited by Richard J. Dunn, Norton Critical Edition, 3rd ed., W. W. Norton, 2001.

若你打开的是现行 Norton 课堂用副本，Works Cited（2026年10月23日核实，不是 Style Center 标本）：

Brontë, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. Edited by Deborah Lutz, Norton Critical Edition, 4th ed., W. W. Norton, 2016.

括号引用（模板）：

(Brontë 页码)

Use the Version element to specify that the work you are citing is an e-book—that is, a book that lacks a URL and that you use software to read on a personal device or computer.

When citing an e-book in your text, avoid using device-specific numbering systems.

Works Cited，现行 Handbook 作为电子书：

MLA Handbook. 9th ed., e-book ed., Modern Language Association of America, 2021.

Works Cited，文件格式作为补充要素：

MLA Handbook. 8th ed., e-book ed., Modern Language Association of America, 2016. EPUB.

Generally, if you've consulted the digital edition of a work, that is the edition you should include in your works-cited list.

It is not necessary to track down the page numbers for the print edition if you consulted the digital or open access edition, nor should you include both the print and digital editions of the same book in your works-cited list, unless you consulted both.

If you are citing a chapter of a book from a novel or monograph, create an entry for the book as a whole and list the book's URL or DOI in the "Location" slot, since in MLA style, chapters from these types of works are not cited individually:

A DOI is preferable, but if a URL is the only location available, provide it instead.

Works Cited，ACLS Humanities E-Book 中的书：

Gikandi, Simon. Ngugi wa Thiong'o. Cambridge UP, 2000. ACLS Humanities E-book, hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.07588.0001.001.

Works Cited，带 DOI 的专著：

Gerrard, Christine. Aaron Hill: The Muses' Projector, 1685-1750. Oxford UP, Jan. 2010. Oxford Scholarship Online, https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198183884.001.0001.

Works Cited，leftover-eighth-edition-banner 仅主机的 Google Books URL：

Radcliffe, Anne. The Novels of Mrs. Anne Radcliffe: Complete in One Volume. Hurst, Robinson, 1824. Google Books, books.google.com.

Create a works-cited-list entry only for the book.

Works Cited：

Enjoe, Toh. Self-Reference Engine. Translated by Terry Gallagher, Haikasoru, 2013.

Style Center 文内引用，在正文中点出章节：

In the chapter "Bobby Socks," Toh Enjoe writes, "A child's sock is not necessarily a sock child" (122).

Authors of introductions, prefaces, afterwords, and the like—collectively called front and back matter—are not usually essential to identifying a work and can be omitted from works-cited-list entries.

Works Cited，仅在有用时点出导言：

Gogol, Nikolai. Dead Souls: A Novel. Translated by Richard Pevear and Larissa Volkhonsky, introduction by Pevear, Vintage Books, 1996.

Works Cited，导言本身是文献：

Knox, Bernard. Introduction to Antigone. The Three Theban Plays, by Sophocles, translated by Robert Fagles, Penguin Books, 2000, pp. 33-54.

该导言的 Style Center 文内引用：

In his introduction to Antigone, Bernard Knox remarks that to Victorian readers, "the subject matter of the play seemed academic" (35).

To cite an audiobook, include the book's author and title along with the publication details for the audiobook version.

If you downloaded the audiobook to a device, don't include the website from which you downloaded it.

Works Cited：

Atwood, Margaret. The Handmaid's Tale. Narrated by Claire Danes et al., Audible, 2017. Audiobook.

括号引用，时间戳：

(Atwood 01:47:12-29)

Works Cited，leftover-Berendt-cassettes 可选格式：

Berendt, John. Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil. Narrated by Jeff Woodman, Random House Audio, 1997. Audiobook, 10 cassettes.

leftover-Heaney-Audible-B002V5CVPY-503，流式播放的节录：

Heaney, Seamus, translator. Beowulf. Narrated by Heaney, audiobook, abridged edition, HighBridge Audio, 2006. Audible.com, www.audible.com/pd/Classics/Beowulf-Audiobook/B002V5CVPY/.

Commentary published in its own volume can be cited as a work in itself.

Works Cited，翻译卷：

Dante. Inferno 1: Text. Translated by Charles S. Singleton, Princeton UP, 1990. Vol. 1 of The Divine Comedy.

Works Cited，评注卷：

Singleton, Charles S. Inferno 2: Commentary. Princeton UP, 1990. Vol. 2 of The Divine Comedy.

leftover-MacDonald-volume-URL-mismatch，官方第2卷：

MacDonald, George. David Elginbrod. Vol. 2, Hurst and Blackett, 1863. Internet Archive, archive.org/details/davidelginbrod03macdgoog.

An element should be omitted from the entry if it's not relevant to the work being documented.

Works Cited，作者即出版社：

Hocking, Amanda. Fate. 2010.

Works Cited，出版社不明：

Cummings, E. E. The Enormous Room. 2017.

Works Cited，机构既是作者也是出版社：

Reading at Risk: A Survey of Literary Reading in America. National Endowment for the Arts, June 2004.

Add a space on either side of the slash when one or more of the publishers' names consists of more than one word.

Works Cited，单词语共同出版社：

Ortiz Wallner, Alexandra. El arte de ficcionar: La novela contemporánea en Centroamérica. Iberoamericana/Vervuert, 2012.

leftover-copublishers-Dewar-spaced-slash，官方间距标本（选集章节）：

Dewar, James A., and Peng Hwa Ang. "The Cultural Consequences of Printing and the Internet." Agent of Change: Print Culture Studies after Elizabeth L. Eisenstein, edited by Sabrina Alcorn Baron et al., U of Massachusetts P / Library of Congress, Center for the Book, 2007, pp. 365–77.

In-text citations are brief, unobtrusive references that direct readers to the works-cited-list entries for the sources you consulted and, where relevant, to the location in the source being cited.

An in-text citation begins with the shortest piece of information that directs your reader to the entry in the works-cited list.

All in-text references should be concise. Avoid, for instance, providing the author's name or title of a work in both your prose and parentheses.

叙述性引用，随后只写页码：

According to Naomi Baron, reading is "just half of literacy. The other half is writing" (194).

带姓名和页码的括号引用：

Reading is "just half of literacy. The other half is writing" (Baron 194).

三位或更多作者：

(Burdick et al. 42)