如何引用实验手册

APA 7，已出版手册：

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of lab manual (Xth ed.). Publisher.

APA 7，院系手册：

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of lab manual [Unpublished lab manual]. Department Name, University Name.

APA 7 文内：

(Author, Year, p. X) or (Author, Year, Experiment X)

MLA 9，已出版手册：

Author, First Name, and First Name Author. Title of Lab Manual. Xth ed., Publisher, Year.

MLA 9，院系手册：

Author, First Name. Title of Lab Manual. Department Name, University Name, Year.

MLA 9 文内：

(Author X)

Chicago 18 注释，已出版手册：

1. First Name Author and First Name Author, Title of Lab Manual, Xth ed. (Publisher, Year), X.

Chicago 18 注释，院系手册：

2. First Name Author, "Title of Lab Manual" (unpublished lab manual, Department Name, University Name, Year), X.

Chicago 18 author-date 文内：

(Author Year, X)

Works that cannot be recovered by readers are cited in the text as personal communications. Personal communications include emails, text messages, online chats or direct messages, personal interviews, telephone conversations, live speeches, nonarchived social media livestreams (e.g., Instagram Live, Twitter Spaces), unrecorded webinars, unrecorded classroom lectures, memos, letters, messages from nonarchived discussion groups or online bulletin boards, and so on.

Use a personal communication citation only when a recoverable source is not available. For example, if you learned about a topic via a classroom lecture, it would be preferable to cite the research on which the instructor based the lecture. However, if the lecture contained original content not published elsewhere, cite the lecture as a personal communication.

If the slides come from a classroom website, learning management system (e.g., Canvas, Blackboard, Moodle, Sakai), or company intranet and you are writing for an audience with access to that resource, provide the name of the site and its URL (use the login page URL for sites requiring login).

If the audience for which are you writing does not have access to the slides, cite them as a personal communication.

参考文献：

Beran, J. A., & Lassiter, M. (2022). Laboratory manual for principles of general chemistry (11th ed.). Wiley.

括号引用：

(Beran & Lassiter, 2022)

叙述引用：

Beran and Lassiter (2022)

括号引用，Wiley 目录中的章节名：

(Beran & Lassiter, 2022, Laboratory Safety and Guidelines section)

Mack, R., & Spake, G. (2018). Citing open source images and formatting references for presentations [PowerPoint slides]. Canvas@FNU. https://fnu.onelogin.com/login

括号引用（官方）：

(Mack & Spake, 2018)

叙述引用（官方）：

Mack and Spake (2018)

模板，教师为作者（不是真实课程）：

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of lab manual [Unpublished lab manual]. Department Name, University Name.

模板，院系为作者（不是真实课程）：

Department of Chemistry. (Year). Title of lab manual [Unpublished lab manual]. University Name.

模板，发布在 LMS 上（不是真实登录网址）：

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of lab manual [Lab manual]. Canvas@University. https://login-page-url

模板，以实验作为定位：

(Author, Year, Experiment 3)

模板，仅为资料包撰写的实验：

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of experiment. In Title of course pack (pp. XX–XX). Department Name, University Name.

若资料包转载了已出版手册：

引用 Beran and Lassiter (2022)，或许可行点名的那本已出版手册——不要引用资料包。

Cite specific parts of a source—for example, page ranges, tables, or figures—in the text in APA Style by adding information about the part to a standard in-text citation and writing a standard reference list entry.

Do not cite a specific part of a source in the reference list. Instead, cite the work that readers would retrieve to find the part.

There are many other possibilities—customize the wording to the work you are citing.

官方页码示例：

(Stoddard et al., 2020, p. 47)

官方章节示例：

(Merenda, 2018, Chapter 14)

已出版手册，Wiley 章节标题：

(Beran & Lassiter, 2022, Laboratory Safety and Guidelines section)

模板，实验编号，无页码：

(Author, Year, Experiment 3)

If the author of a work—such as a syllabus, handout, or slide—is known, begin your works-cited-list entry with the name of the author. But be careful not to assume that the instructor is the author; you should only list the instructor in the Author element if you know that they created the materials. If the instructor is not the author, you may give the instructor’s name in the Contributor element. If the author is unknown, list the work by its title.

Titles of handouts are capitalized like other titles, and they are styled in italics if they are stand-alone works. If a handout is part of a collection, enclose the title in quotation marks and do not italicize it. If the handout does not have a title, provide a description in place of a title, following the style for untitled works: capitalize the description sentence-style—that is, capitalizing only the first letter of the first word and any proper nouns—and do not italicize it or enclose it in quotation marks.

If a digital platform merely links to an outside source, such as an e-book, the platform is considered a passive conduit and should not be cited as a container.

作品引用：

Beran, J. A., and Mark Lassiter. Laboratory Manual for Principles of General Chemistry. 11th ed., Wiley, 2022.

文内：

(Beran and Lassiter)

文内带页码（若你的副本有分页）：

(Beran and Lassiter 12)

Carson, Sandy. Introduction to Digital Humanities. Blackboard, uploaded by Carson, 20 Oct. 2019, blackboard.ucla.edu/. PowerPoint presentation.

模板，教师为作者（不是真实课程）：

Author, First Name. Title of Lab Manual. Department Name, University Name, Year.

模板，无具名作者：

Title of Lab Manual. Department Name, University Name, Year.

文内，无具名作者：

(Shortened Title 12)

模板，发布在 Canvas 上（不是真实课程网址）：

Author, First Name. Title of Lab Manual. Canvas, uploaded by Author, Day Mon. Year, canvas.school.edu/. PDF download.

Jackson, Shirley. “The Lottery.” Course pack for English 285: American Short Story Writers, compiled by Anne Smith, Spring 2015, Iowa State U.

Jackson, Shirley. “The Lottery.” “The Lottery” and Other Stories, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005, pp. 291-302.

若资料包转载 Beran and Lassiter：

除非教师要求把资料包当作容器引用，否则引用 Wiley 手册，不要引用资料包。

Note that a place of publication is no longer required in book citations (see CMOS 14.30).

Titles of unpublished manuscripts, like the titles of other unpublished works, appear in quotation marks. Include the words unpublished manuscript and the date of the version consulted, if known; for electronic files, a last-saved or last-modified date may be appropriate. End the citation with an indication of format. (14.114)

Unpublished manuscripts that are unavailable for others to consult may be mentioned in the text or in a note but are not usually included in a bibliography or reference list.

1. Charles Yu, Interior Chinatown (Pantheon Books, 2020), 45.

Binder, Amy J., and Jeffrey L. Kidder. The Channels of Student Activism: How the Left and Right Are Winning (and Losing) in Campus Politics Today. University of Chicago Press, 2022.

完整注释，已出版实验手册：

1. J. A. Beran and Mark Lassiter, Laboratory Manual for Principles of General Chemistry, 11th ed. (Wiley, 2022).

缩短注释：

2. Beran and Lassiter, Laboratory Manual for Principles of General Chemistry.

书目：

Beran, J. A., and Mark Lassiter. Laboratory Manual for Principles of General Chemistry. 11th ed. Wiley, 2022.

author-date 参考文献表：

Beran, J. A., and Mark Lassiter. 2022. Laboratory Manual for Principles of General Chemistry. 11th ed. Wiley.

author-date 文内：

(Beran and Lassiter 2022)

完整注释（不是真实课程）：

1. First Name Author, "Title of Lab Manual" (unpublished lab manual, Department Name, University Name, Year), 21.

缩短注释：

2. Author, "Shortened Title," 23.

书目（读者能够获得文件时）：

Author, First Name. "Title of Lab Manual." Unpublished lab manual, Department Name, University Name, Year.

author-date 参考文献表：

Author, First Name. Year. "Title of Lab Manual." Unpublished lab manual, Department Name, University Name.

author-date 文内：

(Author Year, 21)

完整注释，仅为资料包撰写的实验：

1. First Name Author, "Title of Experiment," in Title of Course Pack (unpublished course pack, Department Name, University Name, Year), 23.

APA 7 参考文献：

Jones, A., Torkel, C., Stanley, D., Nasim, J., Borevitz, J., & Schwessinger, B. (2020). Scalable high-molecular weight DNA extraction for long-read sequencing. protocols.io. https://doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.bnjhmcj6

APA 7 文内：

(Jones et al., 2020)

MLA 9 作品引用：

Jones, Ashley, et al. "Scalable High-Molecular Weight DNA Extraction for Long-Read Sequencing." protocols.io, 19 Oct. 2020, https://doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.bnjhmcj6.

MLA 9 文内：

(Jones et al.)

Chicago 18 注释：

1. Ashley Jones et al., "Scalable High-Molecular Weight DNA Extraction for Long-Read Sequencing," protocols.io, October 19, 2020, https://doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.bnjhmcj6.

Chicago 18 书目：

Jones, Ashley, Cynthia Torkel, David Stanley, Jamila Nasim, Justin Borevitz, and Benjamin Schwessinger. "Scalable High-Molecular Weight DNA Extraction for Long-Read Sequencing." protocols.io, October 19, 2020. https://doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.bnjhmcj6.

APA 7，已出版手册加方案：

安全步骤遵循 Beran and Lassiter (2022, Laboratory Safety and Guidelines section)。高分子量 DNA 按 Jones et al. (2020) 提取，省略可选的山梨醇洗涤。

APA 7，带标签的院系模板：

样品按课程手册的 Experiment 3 制备 (Author, Year)。

MLA 9：

安全步骤遵循 Beran and Lassiter。高分子量 DNA 按 Jones et al. 提取，省略可选的山梨醇洗涤。

Chicago 18（注释）：

安全步骤遵循已出版实验手册，¹ 高分子量 DNA 按 Jones et al. 提取，省略可选的山梨醇洗涤。²

Chicago 18（author-date）：

安全步骤遵循 Beran and Lassiter (2022)。高分子量 DNA 按 Jones et al. (2020) 提取，省略可选的山梨醇洗涤。