كيفية الاستشهاد بمنهج مقرر أو نشرة صفية أو حزمة مقرر

APA 7، ملف على نظام إدارة التعلم يستطيع الصف فتحه (الرسمي Example 102 / Mack):

Mack, R., & Spake, G. (2018). Citing open source images and formatting references for presentations [PowerPoint slides]. Canvas@FNU. https://fnu.onelogin.com/login

قالب منهج موسوم بنمط APA 7 (نمط Mack؛ غيّر المعقوفين فقط):

Instructor, A. A. (Year). Title of document [Syllabus]. LMS Name. https://login-page-url

APA 7، نشرة ورقية فقط (مراسلة شخصية رسمية):

(T. Nguyen, personal communication, February 24, 2020)

منهج MLA 9 الرسمي (Style Center):

Mueller, Alex. Syllabus for Social Networking in the Scriptorium. Spring 2014, U of Massachusetts, Boston.

إعادة طبع رسمية من حزمة مقرر بنمط MLA 9 (Style Center):

Jackson, Shirley. “The Lottery.” “The Lottery” and Other Stories, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005, pp. 291-302.

نظير المحاضرة الرسمي في Chicago 18 (CMOS Q&A / §14.115):

D'Erasmo, Stacy. "The Craft and Career of Writing." Lecture, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, April 26, 2000.

قالب منهج موسوم بنمط Chicago 18 (وصف غير منشور، بلا أقواس الطبعة 17):

1. First Name Last Name, syllabus for Course Name, Institution, Term Year.

مراسلة شخصية رسمية بنمط Chicago 18 (Quick Guide):

1. Sam Gomez, Facebook direct message to author, August 1, 2024.

Works that cannot be recovered by readers are cited in the text as personal communications. Personal communications include emails, text messages, online chats or direct messages, personal interviews, telephone conversations, live speeches, nonarchived social media livestreams (e.g., Instagram Live, Twitter Spaces), unrecorded webinars, unrecorded classroom lectures, memos, letters, messages from nonarchived discussion groups or online bulletin boards, and so on.

Use a personal communication citation only when a recoverable source is not available. For example, if you learned about a topic via a classroom lecture, it would be preferable to cite the research on which the instructor based the lecture. However, if the lecture contained original content not published elsewhere, cite the lecture as a personal communication.

If the slides come from a classroom website, learning management system (e.g., Canvas, Blackboard, Moodle, Sakai), or company intranet and you are writing for an audience with access to that resource, provide the name of the site and its URL (use the login page URL for sites requiring login).

If the audience for which are you writing does not have access to the slides, cite them as a personal communication.

An exception is personal communications, which are cited in the text of your paper but are not included in the reference list (see Section 8.9 in the seventh edition Publication Manual).

قائمة المراجع (الرسمي Example 102):

Mack, R., & Spake, G. (2018). Citing open source images and formatting references for presentations [PowerPoint slides]. Canvas@FNU. https://fnu.onelogin.com/login

بين قوسين:

(Mack & Spake, 2018)

سردي:

Mack and Spake (2018)

قالب منهج موسوم لورقة في ذلك المقرر:

Instructor, A. A. (Year). Course number: course name, term year syllabus [Syllabus]. LMS Name. https://login-page-url

قالب نشرة موسوم لورقة في ذلك المقرر:

Instructor, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of handout [Class handout]. LMS Name. https://login-page-url

استشهاد سردي (APA Style):

E.-M. Paradis (personal communication, August 8, 2019)

استشهاد بين قوسين (APA Style):

(T. Nguyen, personal communication, February 24, 2020)

قائمة المراجع:

احذفها. تُستشهد المراسلات الشخصية في النص فقط.

قائمة المراجع:

Canan, E., & Vasilev, J. (2019, May 22). [Lecture notes on resource allocation]. Department of Management Control and Information Systems, University of Chile. https://uchilefau.academia.edu/ElseZCanan

بين قوسين:

(Canan & Vasilev, 2019)

قالب نشرة بلا عنوان موسوم:

Instructor, A. A. (Year, Month Day). [Worksheet on topic] [Class handout]. LMS Name. https://login-page-url

مادة أصلية، والمدرّس هو المؤلف أيضًا:

Elders, M. (2019). Neighborhood watch: Social media in the community. In M. Elders (Ed.), POL 241: Politics and activism in the 21st century (pp. 34–41). American University.

مادة أصلية، مؤلفون مختلفون:

Young, U., & Sikder, T. (2019). Taking a neighborhood canvasing approach to social media. In M. Elders (Ed.), POL 241: Politics and activism in the 21st century (pp. 34–41). American University.

مادة أصلية، بلا مؤلف مسمّى:

Diagram of the tibia–basitarsis joint in Apis melifera. (2015). In B. Haave (Ed.), NEU 451: Movement and perception (pp. 44–45). St. Ambrose University.

استشهادات بين قوسين (الاقتران الرسمي):

(Elders, 2019; Young & Sikder, 2019)

بين قوسين بلا مؤلف (رسمي):

("A Diagram of the Tibia–Basitarsis Joint in Apis melifera," 2015)

إعادة طبع غير معدَّلة لقصة منشورة (استشهد بالكتاب لا بالحزمة):

Jackson, S. (2005). The lottery. In "The lottery" and other stories (pp. 291–302). Farrar, Straus and Giroux. (Original work published 1948)

If the author of a work—such as a syllabus, handout, or slide—is known, begin your works-cited-list entry with the name of the author. But be careful not to assume that the instructor is the author; you should only list the instructor in the Author element if you know that they created the materials. If the instructor is not the author, you may give the instructor’s name in the Contributor element. If the author is unknown, list the work by its title.

A syllabus is treated as an untitled work, and you should therefore provide a description of the work in place of a title.

Titles of handouts are capitalized like other titles, and they are styled in italics if they are stand-alone works. If a handout is part of a collection, enclose the title in quotation marks and do not italicize it. If the handout does not have a title, provide a description in place of a title, following the style for untitled works: capitalize the description sentence-style—that is, capitalizing only the first letter of the first word and any proper nouns—and do not italicize it or enclose it in quotation marks.

المدرّس كتب المنهج:

Mueller, Alex. Syllabus for Social Networking in the Scriptorium. Spring 2014, U of Massachusetts, Boston.

المؤلف المعروف ليس المدرّس:

Kelly, Michaela. Syllabus for English Literature before 1600. Taught by Eva Wilder, fall 2021, Indiana University, Bloomington.

المؤلف مجهول:

Syllabus for Social Networking in the Scriptorium. Taught by Alex Mueller, spring 2014, U of Massachusetts, Boston.

داخل النص:

(Mueller) or (Kelly) or (Syllabus for Social Networking)

شريحة رسمية على نظام إدارة التعلم (Style Center، 15 September 2020):

Carson, Sandy. Introduction to Digital Humanities. Blackboard, uploaded by Carson, 20 Oct. 2019, blackboard.ucla.edu/. PowerPoint presentation.

رفع رسمي على Google Classroom (Style Center، 6 October 2021):

Algarotti, Francesco. An Essay on the Opera. Google Classroom, uploaded by Rachel Ross, 1 May 2021, classroom.google.com.

العمل نفسه، خيار النشر الأصلي من ذلك المنشور:

Algarotti, Francesco. An Essay on the Opera. 1768. Google Classroom, uploaded by Rachel Ross, 1 May 2021, classroom.google.com.

قالب نشرة ورقية ذات عنوان موسوم:

Instructor Last Name, First Name. Title of Handout. Course Number: Course Name, Day Mon. Year, Institution, City. Handout.

قالب نشرة ورقية بلا عنوان موسوم:

Instructor Last Name, First Name. Handout on topic. Course Number: Course Name, Day Mon. Year, Institution, City.

If you are unable to get guidance on how to cite course-pack material, assume your instructor wants you to cite the original source of the material.

استشهد بالحزمة حين يطلب المدرّس ذلك:

Jackson, Shirley. “The Lottery.” Course pack for English 285: American Short Story Writers, compiled by Anne Smith, Spring 2015, Iowa State U.

استشهد بالمجموعة المنشورة بدلًا من ذلك (الافتراضي):

Jackson, Shirley. “The Lottery.” “The Lottery” and Other Stories, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005, pp. 291-302.

داخل النص (ترقيم الصفحات الأصلي في الحالتين):

(Jackson 291)

Titles of unpublished manuscripts, like the titles of other unpublished works, appear in quotation marks. Include the words unpublished manuscript and the date of the version consulted, if known; for electronic files, a last-saved or last-modified date may be appropriate. End the citation with an indication of format.

Unpublished manuscripts that are unavailable for others to consult may be mentioned in the text or in a note but are not usually included in a bibliography or reference list.

Details of the sponsorship, location, and date of the meeting at which a speech was given or a paper, slides, or poster presented follow the title. In previous editions of Chicago this information was put in parentheses. This is no longer the case. If the information is available online, include a URL.

قائمة المراجع (محاضرة CMOS Q&A):

D'Erasmo, Stacy. "The Craft and Career of Writing." Lecture, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, April 26, 2000.

أول هامش، المحاضرة نفسها:

1. Stacy D'Erasmo, "The Craft and Career of Writing," lecture, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, April 26, 2000.

هامش منهج موسوم:

2. First Name Last Name, syllabus for Course Name, Institution, Term Year.

قائمة مراجع منهج موسومة:

Last Name, First Name. Syllabus for Course Name. Institution, Term Year.

هامش نشرة ذات عنوان موسوم:

3. First Name Last Name, "Title of Handout," unpublished class handout, Course Name, Institution, Month Day, Year.

هامش نشرة بلا عنوان موسوم:

4. First Name Last Name, handout on topic, Course Name, Institution, Month Day, Year.

It is often sufficient simply to describe web pages and other website content in the text (“As of November 15, 2023, Google’s privacy policy stated . . .”).

Personal communications, including email and text messages and direct messages sent through social media, are usually cited in the text or in a note only; they are rarely included in a bibliography.

هامش مراسلة شخصية رسمي:

1. Sam Gomez, Facebook direct message to author, August 1, 2024.

أول هامش (استشهد بالمجموعة المنشورة):

5. Shirley Jackson, "The Lottery," in "The Lottery" and Other Stories (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005), 291.

هامش مختصر:

6. Jackson, "The Lottery," 291.

قائمة المراجع (CMOS 18 §14.8: لا يُشترط نطاق صفحات الفصل):

Jackson, Shirley. "The Lottery." In "The Lottery" and Other Stories. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005.

الفصل نفسه مع إظهار الحزمة (إضافة موسومة، لا سطر CMOS رسمي):

7. Shirley Jackson, "The Lottery," in "The Lottery" and Other Stories (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005), 291, reprinted in course pack for Course Name, compiled by Instructor (Institution, Term Year).

نظير المحاضرة الرسمي في قائمة المراجع:

D'Erasmo, Stacy. 2000. "The Craft and Career of Writing." Lecture, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, April 26.

داخل النص لتلك المحاضرة:

(D'Erasmo 2000)

مرجع منهج موسوم:

Last Name, First Name. Year. Syllabus for Course Name. Institution, Term.

نشرة ورقية تُعامل مراسلة شخصية (نص أو هامش فقط):

(First Name Last Name, class handout, Month Day, Year)