如何引用没有页码的来源

APA 7 §8.23，释义（《Publication Manual》第269页）：

Although it is not required to provide a page or paragraph number in the citation for a paraphrase, you may include one in addition to the author and year when it would help interested readers locate the relevant passage within a long or complex work

APA 7 §8.25，引语（第270页）：

If the work does not have page numbers, provide another way for the reader to locate the quotation

APA 7，段落模板：

(Author, year, para. 4)

APA 7，标题加段落模板：

(Author, year, Heading section, para. 2)

APA 7，视听模板：

(Author, year, 4:32)

MLA Handbook，无页码来源：

When a source has no page numbers or any other kind of part number, no number should be given in a parenthetical citation

MLA 9，无编号网页：

(Author) — or no parentheses if the author is already in the sentence

MLA 9，来源自己给段落编号：

(Author, par. 12)

MLA 9，视频或播客：

(Author 00:04:32–00:04:50)

CMOS 18 Quick Guide，无固定页码的电子书：

For downloadable ebook formats, name the format; if no fixed page numbers are available, cite a section title or a chapter or other number in the note (or simply omit).

Chicago 18 注释模板：

1. Author, Title (Publisher, Year), chap. 3, Kindle.

Chicago 18 author-date 模板：

(Author Year, chap. 3) or (Author Year, 4:32)

To directly quote from written material that does not contain page numbers (e.g., webpages and websites, some ebooks), provide readers with another way of locating the quoted passage.

Any of the following approaches is acceptable; use the approach that will best help readers find the quotation:

官方引语：

For people with osteoarthritis, "painful joints should be moved through a full range of motion every day to maintain flexibility and to slow deterioration of cartilage" (Gecht-Silver & Duncombe, 2015, Osteoarthritis section).

仅括号定位符：

(Gecht-Silver & Duncombe, 2015, Osteoarthritis section)

关于原标题的官方说明：

In the next example, the original heading was "What Can You Do to Prevent Kidney Failure?" and the items are quoted separately because they originally appeared as part of a bulleted list.

官方引语：

To prevent kidney failure, patients should "get active," "quit smoking," and "take medications as directed" (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017, "What Can You Do" section).

官方引语：

People planning for retirement need more than just money—they also "need to stockpile their emotional reserves" to ensure adequate support from family and friends (Chamberlin, 2014, para. 1).

参考文献（APA 自己的 Chamberlin 条目的 APA 7 形式）：

Chamberlin, J. (2014, January). Retiring minds want to know. Monitor on Psychology, 45(1). https://www.apa.org/monitor/2014/01/retiring-minds

括号形式：

(Chamberlin, 2014, para. 1)

叙述形式：

Chamberlin (2014, para. 1)

官方引语：

Music and language are intertwined in the brain such that "people who are better at rhythmic memory skills tend to excel at language skills as well" (DeAngelis, 2018, Musical Forays section, para. 4).

参考文献（现行 Monitor URL，2018年7月/8月）：

DeAngelis, T. (2018, July/August). Lab work: Tuning in to our amazing auditory system. Monitor on Psychology, 49(7). https://www.apa.org/monitor/2018/07-08/auditory-system

括号形式：

(DeAngelis, 2018, Musical Forays section, para. 4)

Do not include Kindle location numbers with in-text citations.

Instead, provide the page number (which is available in many Kindle books, especially those based on print editions) or use the methods described in this section to create a page number alternative.

不要写成：

(Author, year, loc. 1247)

章节加段落模板：

(Author, year, Chapter 3, para. 6)

To directly quote from an audiovisual work (e.g., audiobook, YouTube video, TED Talk, TV show), provide a time stamp for the beginning of the quotation in place of a page number.

官方引语：

People make "sweeping inferences and judgments from body language" (Cuddy, 2012, 2:12).

参考文献（Common Reference Examples 的 TED 形式）：

Cuddy, A. (2012, June). Your body language may shape who you are [Video]. TED Conferences. https://www.ted.com/talks/amy_cuddy_your_body_language_may_shape_who_you_are

官方圣经引语：

The person vowed to "set me as a seal upon thine heart" (King James Bible, 1769/2017, Song of Solomon 8:6).

官方戏剧引语：

In Much Ado About Nothing, Don John said, "In the meantime/ let me be that I am and seek not to alter me" (Shakespeare, 1623/1995, 1.3.36-37).

官方 Handbook 句子：

When a source has no page numbers or any other kind of part number, no number should be given in a parenthetical citation

官方 Style Center 引语：

“As we read we . . . construct the terrain of a book” (Hollmichel), something that is more difficult when the text reflows on a screen.

官方 Style Center，作者已在句中：

Stefanie Hollmichel remarks that “[a]s we read we . . . construct the terrain of a book,” something that is more difficult when the text reflows on a screen.

官方著作引用（Style Center 说明）：

Hollmichel, Stefanie. “The Reading Brain: Differences between Digital and Print.” So Many Books, 25 Apr. 2013, somanybooksblog.com/2013/04/25/the-readingbrain-differences-between-digital-and-print/.

不要写成：

(Hollmichel par. 4) or (Hollmichel n. pag.)

已编号段落：

(Author, par. 12)

已编号小节：

(Author, sec. 3)

已编号章节：

(Author, ch. 3)

作者已在句中：

The author argues the point (par. 12).

官方 Style Center 建议：

The MLA recommends making your citations useful to your reader. A time stamp could help your reader locate the scene in a movie, video, or television show that you are discussing, so you might want to include that information.

Handbook / Style Center 区间形式：

("Moving Day" 00:26:17–00:26:52)

For downloadable ebook formats, name the format; if no fixed page numbers are available, cite a section title or a chapter or other number in the note (or simply omit).

官方注释：

1. Arundhati Roy, The God of Small Things (Random House, 2008), chap. 6, Kindle.

官方缩短注释：

5. Roy, God of Small Things, chap. 7.

官方书目：

Roy, Arundhati. The God of Small Things. Random House, 2008. Kindle.

官方 Quick Guide 注释（无页码，无编造的 para.）：

1. “Privacy Policy,” Privacy & Terms, Google, effective November 15, https://policies.google.com/privacy.

官方书目：

Google. “Privacy Policy.” Privacy & Terms. Effective November 15, 2023. https://policies.google.com/privacy.

标题定位符模板（不是官方 Google 行）：

1. Author, "Title of Page," Site, Month Day, Year, under "Heading," https://xxxxx.

点数段落模板（不是官方 Google 行）：

2. Author, "Title of Page," para. 4.

官方缩短注释：

1. Cowan, “Green Hydrogen,” at 6:09–17.

参考文献表（Quick Guide 书目，年份前移）：

Roy, Arundhati. 2008. The God of Small Things. Random House. Kindle.

文内，官方章节定位符：

(Roy 2008, chap. 6)

文内，标题模板：

(Author 2023, under "Heading")

文内，视频时间点：

(Cowan 2022, 6:09)

• 我已检查 PDF、电子书或逐字稿是否带有原来的印刷分页；若有，我引用了那些页码。
• 我确认这是需要定位符的引语或紧密释义；整部作品的概括不需要。
• APA：我给出了 para.、标题、标题加 para.，或起始时间戳，并且没有使用 Kindle 位置。
• MLA：除非来源自己给段落、小节或章节编号，否则我没有给出定位符，并在 par.、sec. 或 ch. 前使用了逗号。
• Chicago：我给出了 chap.、under "Heading"、para. 或时间点，并在电子书条目末尾注明 Kindle 或其他格式。
• 时间戳符合体例：APA 用起点，MLA 用 hh:mm:ss 区间，Chicago 注释用 at 加时间点。
• 我从文章开头或我点出的标题起数段落，而不是从屏幕顶部起数。
• 我没有从打印件编造页码，也没有写 n. pag.