改写时需要页码吗？

APA 7，最低形式（整部著作或短篇来源）：

(Author, Year)

APA 7，针对特定段落的推荐形式：

(Author, Year, p. 12) or (Author, Year, pp. 12–14)

APA 7，引用（页码必填）：

"Quoted words" (Author, Year, p. 12).

MLA 9，有页码的段落：

(Author 12) or (Author 12–14)

Chicago 18 首次注释：

1. Author First Last, Title of Book (Publisher, Year), 12.

Chicago 18 缩略注释：

2. Last, Short Title, 12–14.

Chicago 18 author-date：

(Author Year, 12)

APA Style，“Paraphrases”（2026 年 10 月 6 日查阅）：

Although it is not required to provide a page or paragraph number in the citation, you may include one (in addition to the author and year) when it would help interested readers locate the relevant passage within a long or complex work (e.g., a book).

APA Style，“Quotations”：

For a direct quotation, always include a full citation (parenthetical or narrative) in the same sentence as the quotation, including the page number (or other location information, e.g., paragraph number).

MLA Style Center，“In-Text Citations: An Overview”（2021 年 4 月 1 日）：

When relevant, an in-text citation also has a second component: if a specific part of a work is quoted or paraphrased and the work includes a page number, line number, time stamp, or other way to point readers to the place in the work where the information can be found, that location marker must be included in parentheses.

Webster-Stratton (2016) described a case example of a 4-year-old girl who showed an insecure attachment to her mother; in working with the family dyad, the therapist focused on increasing the mother’s empathy for her child (pp. 152–153).

这个例子说明什么：

这句话是改写，不是引用，但 APA 仍印出 pp. 152–153，因为该案例占书中两页。这正是 §8.23 所说的可选定位符。

整部著作的改写（无页码）。Common Reference Examples，2026 年 3 月 3 日：

Levenson, H., Jinich, S., Vaz, A., & Rousmaniere, T. (2025). Deliberate practice in emotionally focused couple therapy. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000436-000

整部著作的引用：

概括全书只用著者和年份 (Levenson et al., 2025)。

直接引用（页码必填）。APA Style “Quotations”：

Effective teams can be difficult to describe because “high performance along one domain does not translate to high performance along another” (Ervin et al., 2018, p. 470).

Ervin et al. 文献（已核验的文章；引文按 APA Style 所印）：

Ervin, J. N., Kahn, J. M., Cohen, T. R., & Weingart, L. R. (2018). Teamwork in the intensive care unit. American Psychologist, 73(4), 468–477. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000247

A paraphrase may continue for several sentences. In such cases, cite the work being paraphrased on first mention. Once the work has been cited, it is not necessary to repeat the citation as long as the context of the writing makes it clear that the same work continues to be paraphrased.

If the paraphrase continues into a new paragraph, reintroduce the citation. If the paraphrase incorporates multiple sources or switches among sources, repeat the citation so the source is clear.

Velez et al. (2018) found that for women of color, sexism and racism in the workplace were associated with poor work and mental health outcomes, including job-related burnout, turnover intentions, and psychological distress. However, self-esteem, person–organization fit, and perceived organizational support mediated these effects. Additionally, stronger womanist attitudes—which acknowledge the unique challenges faced by women of color in a sexist and racist society—weakened the association of workplace discrimination with psychological distress. These findings underscore the importance of considering multiple forms of workplace discrimination in clinical practice and research with women of color, along with efforts to challenge and reduce such discrimination.

Velez et al. 文献（PubMed 29543474）：

Velez, B. L., Cox, R., Jr., Polihronakis, C. J., & Moradi, B. (2018). Discrimination, work outcomes, and mental health among women of color: The protective role of womanist attitudes. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 65(2), 178–193. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000274

这个例子说明什么：

四句话，开头一处叙述性引用，没有页码。文章足够短，APA 的官方样本把这一发现当作整部著作的改写。

著作引用：

Baron, Naomi S. “Redefining Reading: The Impact of Digital Communication Media.” PMLA, vol. 128, no. 1, Jan. 2013, pp. 193–200.

提及整部著作（无页码）。官方行文引用：

Naomi Baron broke new ground on the subject.

提及整部著作（无页码）。官方括号：

At least one researcher has broken new ground on the subject (Baron).

引用特定页。官方：

According to Naomi Baron, reading is “just half of literacy. The other half is writing” (194).

同一引用，著者放在括号里。官方：

Reading is “just half of literacy. The other half is writing” (Baron 194).

对同一官方句子的改写（仍需页码）：

Baron treats writing as the other half of literacy, not a leftover skill (194).

Baron 把读写能力视为两种技能，而不是一种。阅读只是工作的一半；写作是另一半 (194).

模板句（不要编造 Yu 的情节）：

[在此写下对该段的改写。]¹

首次注释。官方：

1. Charles Yu, Interior Chinatown (Pantheon Books, 2020), 45.

首次注释，两位著者，官方范围缩写：

2. Amy J. Binder and Jeffrey L. Kidder, The Channels of Student Activism: How the Left and Right Are Winning (and Losing) in Campus Politics Today (University of Chicago Press, 2022), 117–18.

缩略注释。官方：

3. Yu, Interior Chinatown, 48.

缩略注释，两位著者。官方：

4. Binder and Kidder, Channels of Student Activism, 125.

文献目录。官方：

Yu, Charles. Interior Chinatown. Pantheon Books, 2020.

文献目录。官方：

Binder, Amy J., and Jeffrey L. Kidder. The Channels of Student Activism: How the Left and Right Are Winning (and Losing) in Campus Politics Today. University of Chicago Press, 2022.

整本书的注释（无页码）。官方文集示例：

1. P. J. M. Marks and Stephen Parkin, eds., The Book by Design: The Remarkable Story of the World’s Greatest Invention (University of Chicago Press, 2023).

特定页。官方：

(Yu 2020, 45)

官方范围（第二个数字缩写）：

(Binder and Kidder 2022, 117–18)

期刊文章，官方范围：

(Kwon 2022, 1842–43)

整部文集，无页码。官方：

(Marks and Parkin 2023)

Kwon 参考文献表。官方：

Kwon, Hyeyoung. 2022. “Inclusion Work: Children of Immigrants Claiming Membership in Everyday Life.” American Journal of Sociology 127 (6): 1818–59. https://doi.org/10.1086/720277.

For downloadable ebook formats, name the format; if no fixed page numbers are available, cite a section title or a chapter or other number in the note (or simply omit).

注释。官方：

1. Arundhati Roy, The God of Small Things (Random House, 2008), chap. 6, Kindle.

author-date。官方：

(Roy 2008, chap. 6)

• 每一条直接引用在三种体例中都有页码或其他定位符。
• 每一条来自有页码来源的 MLA 改写都有页码。
• 每一条针对特定段落的 Chicago 注释都以该段页码结束，而不是著作的页码范围。
• APA 对长篇著作中特定段落的改写带页码；对整部著作的改写不带。
• 范围使用短破折号以及该体例正确的缩写规则。
• 无页码来源使用该体例允许的定位符，而不是打印件上的页码。
• 长段改写在开头引用，并在来源变化处再次引用。