释义时需要页码吗？

APA 7，最低要求：

(作者, 年份)

APA 7，针对具体段落时建议：

(作者, 年份, p. 12) 或 (作者, 年份, pp. 12–14)

APA 7，直接引用（必须有页码）：

“被引用的文字” (作者, 年份, p. 12).

MLA 9：

(作者 12) 或 (作者 12–14)

Chicago 18 首次注释：

1. 作者名 姓, 书名 (出版社, 年份), 12.

Chicago 18 简化注释：

2. 姓, 短标题, 12–14.

Chicago 18 author-date：

(作者 年份, 12)

Although it is not required to provide a page or paragraph number in the citation for a paraphrase, you may include one in addition to the author and year when it would help interested readers locate the relevant passage within a long or complex work (e.g., a book).

参考文献：

Okafor, L. M. (2024). Rivers under the city: A history of urban water supply. Meridian University Press.

对整体论点的释义（无页码）：

Nineteenth-century cities buried their rivers for sanitary rather than aesthetic reasons (Okafor, 2024).

对一个段落的释义（建议加页码）：

London had covered more than a dozen tributaries by 1870 (Okafor, 2024, p. 112).

带页码的叙述性释义：

Okafor (2024) argued that the Fleet was buried in stages, each triggered by a cholera outbreak (pp. 118–121).

直接引用（必须有页码）：

The Fleet became "a sewer that remembered it had been a river" (Okafor, 2024, p. 121).

A paraphrase may continue for several sentences. In such cases, cite the work being paraphrased on first mention. Once the work has been cited, it is not necessary to repeat the citation as long as the context of the writing makes it clear that the same work continues to be paraphrased.

Okafor (2024) described three waves of river burial in London (pp. 110–125). The first followed the 1832 cholera epidemic and covered the lower Fleet. The second, in the 1850s, was driven by the Metropolitan Board of Works and buried most of the remaining tributaries. The third was piecemeal and lasted into the twentieth century.

Hallberg and Nkemelu (2023) found a different pattern in smaller cities, where rivers were more often channelled than buried (p. 149).

作品引用：

Okafor, Lena M. Rivers under the City: A History of Urban Water Supply. Meridian UP, 2024.

对一个段落的释义：

London had covered more than a dozen tributaries by 1870 (Okafor 112).

句子中点出作者：

Okafor argues that the Fleet was buried in stages, each triggered by a cholera outbreak (118–21).

对整体论点的释义：

Sanitation, not beauty, drove the burial of urban rivers (Okafor).

直接引用：

The Fleet became "a sewer that remembered it had been a river" (Okafor 121).

Okafor describes three waves of river burial in London. The first followed the 1832 cholera epidemic and covered the lower Fleet; the second, in the 1850s, was led by the Metropolitan Board of Works; the third was piecemeal and lasted into the twentieth century (110–25).

句子（释义）：

London had covered more than a dozen tributaries by 1870.¹

首次注释：

1. Lena M. Okafor, Rivers under the City: A History of Urban Water Supply (Meridian University Press, 2024), 112.

简化注释，多页：

2. Okafor, Rivers under the City, 118–21.

简化注释，直接引用：

3. Okafor, Rivers under the City, 121.

整体论点的注释（无页码）：

4. Okafor, Rivers under the City.

参考文献：

Okafor, Lena M. Rivers under the City: A History of Urban Water Supply. Meridian University Press, 2024.

参考文献表：

Okafor, Lena M. 2024. Rivers under the City: A History of Urban Water Supply. Meridian University Press.

对一个段落的释义：

London had covered more than a dozen tributaries by 1870 (Okafor 2024, 112).

对多页的释义：

The Fleet was buried in stages, each triggered by a cholera outbreak (Okafor 2024, 118–21).

整体论点：

Sanitation, not beauty, drove the burial of urban rivers (Okafor 2024).

• 在三种体例中，每一处直接引用都带有页码或其他定位符。
• 每一处取自有页码来源的 MLA 释义都带有页码。
• 每一条针对具体段落的 Chicago 注释，都以该段落的页码结尾，而不是整部作品的页码范围。
• APA 中针对长篇作品里具体段落的释义带有页码；对整部作品的释义则不带。
• 范围使用连接号，并遵循该体例正确的缩写规则。
• 没有页码的来源使用该体例允许的定位符，而不是打印稿上的页码。
• 长释义在开头引用一次，来源发生变化的地方再次引用。