如何为课程论文、学位论文或期刊撰写摘要

信息性 / IMRaD论文：

[一句话的问题或空白]。本研究[设计、样本或材料，以及分析]。结果显示[论文实际报告的主要发现（数字、效应或比较）]。这些发现[讨论节赢得的含义]，主要局限是[会改变解释的约束]。

人文学科 / 论证论文：

本[课程论文 / 文章 / 学位论文]考察[对象或语料]，以论证[主张]。依据[证据类型]，它表明[主要读法]。贡献是[学术对话中改变了什么]，而不是文本的情节摘要。

描述性摘要（仅范围）：

本文描述[题目、来源或方法，以及涵盖的各节]。它不报告结果。仅当作业或期刊要求约100词的描述性摘要时使用此形态。

结构化医学 / 试验摘要（照抄期刊标题）：

Background. [背景]。Objective. [目的]。Methods. [参与者、场所、干预、主要结局、分配、设盲]。Results. [各组n；带精度的主要结局效应；重要危害]。Conclusions. [不过度诠释的主主张]。Trial registration. [注册机构与编号]。资金放在期刊要求的位置——CONSORT 2025列在摘要内；ICMJE列在摘要之后。

Nature式概要段（仅当该期刊要求时）：

[向该领域外科学家介绍该领域的2–3句]。[背景与具体未解问题]。Here we show [主要结论]。[说明该结果如何改变该领域的2–3句]。Nature要求此段带参考文献，通常避免数字和缩略语；IEEE正相反——不要带编号引文。

APA 7专业格式（多数学生论文不要求）：

第2页。居中加粗标题 Abstract。一段不缩进、至多250词。下一行，缩进：Keywords: 术语一、术语二、术语三

An abstract is a self-contained, short, and powerful statement that describes a larger work.

An abstract is not a review, nor does it evaluate the work being abstracted. While it contains key words found in the larger work, the abstract is an original document rather than an excerpted passage.

Abstracts allow readers who may be interested in a longer work to quickly decide whether it is worth their time to read it. Also, many online databases use abstracts to index larger works. Therefore, abstracts should contain keywords and phrases that allow for easy searching.

Typically, an informative abstract answers these questions in about 100-250 words:

Why did you do this study or project?

What did you do, and how?

What did you find?

What do your findings mean?

An abstract will nearly always be read along with the title, so do not repeat or rephrase the title. It will likely be read without the rest of the document, however, so make it complete enough to stand on its own.

Do not refer in the abstract to information that is not in the document.

Avoid using I or we, but choose active verbs instead of passive when possible (the study tested rather than it was tested by the study).

While the application may necessarily change the length of the abstract (a conference program may only allow for 50-75 words, for instance), the purpose and structure remains fairly constant.

Abstracts are generally kept brief (approximately 150-200 words).

A reliable strategy is to write the abstract as a condensed version of your article, with 1-2 sentences summarizing each major section.

Abstracts and keywords are not typically required for student papers. Students should consult their instructor or institution to determine whether to include an abstract and/or keywords.

The abstract needs to provide a brief but comprehensive summary of the contents of your paper. It provides an overview of the paper and helps readers decide whether to read the full text. Limit your abstract to 250 words.

摘要回答以下内容（通常每个主题1–2句）：

• 文献综述的关键方面
• 所研究的问题或研究问题
• 明确陈述的假设
• 所用方法（包括研究设计、样本和样本量的简要说明）
• 研究结果
• 含义（即为何本研究重要，结果或发现的应用）

Keywords need to be descriptive and capture the most important aspects of your paper. They are used for indexing in databases and as search terms for readers. Include three to five words, phrases, or acronyms as keywords.

A descriptive abstract indicates the type of information found in the work. It makes no judgments about the work, nor does it provide results or conclusions of the research.

Descriptive abstracts are usually very short—100 words or less.

A good informative abstract acts as a surrogate for the work itself. That is, the writer presents and explains all the main arguments and the important results and evidence in the complete article/paper/book.

You can also make a guess based on the length allowed; i.e., 100-120 words = descriptive; 250+ words = informative.

描述性：

The two most common abstract types—descriptive and informative—are described and examples of each are provided.

信息性：

Abstracts present the essential elements of a longer work in a short and powerful statement. The purpose of an abstract is to provide prospective readers the opportunity to judge the relevance of the longer work to their projects. Abstracts also include the key terms found in the longer work and the purpose and methods of the research. Authors abstract various longer works, including book proposals, dissertations, and online journal articles. There are two main types of abstracts: descriptive and informative. A descriptive abstract briefly describes the longer work, while an informative abstract presents all the main arguments and important results. This handout provides examples of various types of abstracts and instructions on how to construct one.

• 位置：论文第二页
• 节标签 Abstract：居中加粗，该页第一行
• 正文：标签下一行，不缩进，单段，双倍行距
• 长度：250词，除非教师或期刊另设限制
• Keywords标签：缩进、斜体、不加粗——Keywords:
• 关键词正文：同一行，标签后一空格；除专有名词外小写；逗号与空格；末词后无句号；顺序任意，不必按字母顺序
• 若关键词换行，双倍行距，第二行不缩进

Keywords: social movements, Civil Rights Movement, Mississippi, voting rights, desegregation

Your abstract should provide a brief summary of the research conducted, the conclusions reached, and the potential implications of those conclusions.

Consist of a single paragraph up to 250 words, with correct grammar and unambiguous terminology

Be self-contained; without abbreviations, footnotes, references, or mathematical equations

Highlight what is novel in your work

Include 3-5 keywords or phrases that describe the research, with any abbreviations clearly defined, to help readers find your article

Most authors write the abstract last and edit it multiple times before article publication to ensure it accurately captures the entire article.

IEEE recommends that you do not include mathematical symbols in your article title or abstract because they may not display properly.

Abstract, must be one paragraph and between 150 to 250 words.

They shall not contain numbered mathematical equations, numbered reference citations, nor footnotes.

Every published article must contain an Abstract.

All articles must contain Index Terms. These are keywords provided by the authors. Index Terms appear in alphabetical order and as a final paragraph of the Abstract section. Capitalize the first word of the Index Terms list; lowercase the rest unless capitalized in text. Include the definition of an acronym followed by the acronym in parentheses.

Index Terms—Abstraction, computer-aided system engineering (CASE), conceptual schema, data model, entity type hierarchy, ISO reference model, layered architecture meta model, reverse engineering.

Because on-line search databases typically contain only abstracts, it is vital to write a complete but concise description of your work to entice potential readers into obtaining a copy of the full paper. This article describes how to write a good computer architecture abstract for both conference and journal papers. Writers should follow a checklist consisting of: motivation, problem statement, approach, results, and conclusions. Following this checklist should increase the chance of people taking the time to obtain and read your complete paper.

Original research, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses require structured abstracts.

The abstract should provide the context or background for the study and should state the study's purpose, basic procedures (selection of study participants, settings, measurements, analytical methods), main findings (giving specific effect sizes and their statistical and clinical significance, if possible), and principal conclusions. It should emphasize new and important aspects of the study or observations, note important limitations, and not overinterpret findings.

Because abstracts are the only substantive portion of the article indexed in many electronic databases, and the only portion many readers read, authors need to ensure that they accurately reflect the content of the article. Unfortunately, information in abstracts often differs from that in the text.

The ICMJE recommends that journals publish the clinical trial registration number at the end of the abstract.

If the data have been deposited in a public repository and/or are being used in a secondary analysis, authors should state at the end of the abstract the unique, persistent data set identifier, repository name and number.

Funding sources should be listed separately after the abstract to facilitate proper display and indexing for search retrieval by MEDLINE.

We strongly recommend the use of structured abstracts for reporting randomised trials.

Structured summary of the trial design, methods, results, and conclusions

Do not report information that does not appear in the body of the paper

CONSORT 2025扩展清单——结构化摘要应点名的事实：

• 具体目标
• 试验设计（例如平行组或整群）与框架（优效、等效、非劣效或探索性）
• 入选标准与场所
• 各组的干预与对照
• 主要结局
• 参与者如何分配（例如集中计算机生成的随机化）
• 分配后谁被设盲
• 每组随机化人数
• 每组就主要结局分析的人数
• 每组主要结局结果，带估计效应量与精度
• 每组的重要危害或意外事件
• 对结果的一般解释
• 试验注册名称与识别号
• 资金来源——CONSORT把它列在摘要内；ICMJE把资金声明列在摘要之后。遵循期刊

Articles start with a fully referenced summary paragraph, ideally of no more than 200 words, which is separate from the main text and avoids numbers, abbreviations, acronyms or measurements unless essential. It is aimed at readers outside the discipline.

This summary paragraph should be structured as follows: 2-3 sentences of basic-level introduction to the field; a brief account of the background and rationale of the work; a statement of the main conclusions (introduced by the phrase 'Here we show' or its equivalent); and finally, 2-3 sentences putting the main findings into general context so it is clear how the results described in the paper have moved the field forwards.

Reason for writing: What is the importance of the research? Why would a reader be interested in the larger work?

Problem: What problem does this work attempt to solve? What is the scope of the project? What is the main argument/thesis/claim?

Methodology: An abstract of a scientific work may include specific models or approaches used in the larger study. Other abstracts may describe the types of evidence used in the research.

Results: Again, an abstract of a scientific work may include specific data that indicates the results of the project. Other abstracts may discuss the findings in a more general way.

Implications: What changes should be implemented as a result of the findings of the work? How does this work add to the body of knowledge on the topic?

Do not refer extensively to other works.

Do not add information not contained in the original work.

Do not define terms.

This dissertation examines the role of newspaper editors in the political turmoil and strife that characterized late First Empire Rio de Janeiro (1827-1831). Newspaper editors and their journals helped change the political culture of late First Empire Rio de Janeiro by involving the people in the discussion of state. This change in political culture is apparent in Emperor Pedro I’s gradual loss of control over the mechanisms of power. As the newspapers became more numerous and powerful, the Emperor lost his legitimacy in the eyes of the people. To explore the role of the newspapers in the political events of the late First Empire, this dissertation analyzes all available newspapers published in Rio de Janeiro from 1827 to 1831. Newspapers and their editors were leading forces in the effort to remove power from the hands of the ruling elite and place it under the control of the people. In the process, newspapers helped change how politics operated in the constitutional monarchy of Brazil.

Kenneth Tait Andrews, “'Freedom is a constant struggle': The dynamics and consequences of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement, 1960-1984,” Ph.D. State University of New York at Stony Brook, 1997. DAI-A 59/02, p. 620, Aug 1998.

This dissertation examines the impacts of social movements through a multi-layered study of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement from its peak in the early 1960s through the early 1980s. By examining this historically important case, I clarify the process by which movements transform social structures and the constraints movements face when they try to do so. The time period studied includes the expansion of voting rights and gains in black political power, the desegregation of public schools and the emergence of white-flight academies, and the rise and fall of federal anti-poverty programs. I use two major research strategies: (1) a quantitative analysis of county-level data and (2) three case studies. Data have been collected from archives, interviews, newspapers, and published reports. This dissertation challenges the argument that movements are inconsequential. Some view federal agencies, courts, political parties, or economic elites as the agents driving institutional change, but typically these groups acted in response to the leverage brought to bear by the civil rights movement. The Mississippi movement attempted to forge independent structures for sustaining challenges to local inequities and injustices. By propelling change in an array of local institutions, movement infrastructures had an enduring legacy in Mississippi.

Luis Lehner, “Gravitational radiation from black hole spacetimes,” Ph.D. University of Pittsburgh, 1998. DAI-B 59/06, p. 2797, Dec 1998.

The problem of detecting gravitational radiation is receiving considerable attention with the construction of new detectors in the United States, Europe, and Japan. The theoretical modeling of the wave forms that would be produced in particular systems will expedite the search for and analysis of detected signals. The characteristic formulation of GR is implemented to obtain an algorithm capable of evolving black holes in 3D asymptotically flat spacetimes. Using compactification techniques, future null infinity is included in the evolved region, which enables the unambiguous calculation of the radiation produced by some compact source. A module to calculate the waveforms is constructed and included in the evolution algorithm. This code is shown to be second-order convergent and to handle highly non-linear spacetimes. In particular, we have shown that the code can handle spacetimes whose radiation is equivalent to a galaxy converting its whole mass into gravitational radiation in one second. We further use the characteristic formulation to treat the region close to the singularity in black hole spacetimes. The code carefully excises a region surrounding the singularity and accurately evolves generic black hole spacetimes with apparently unlimited stability.

Dana Lynn Driscoll, H. Allen Brizee, Michael Salvo, and Morgan Sousa, “Usability and User-Centered Theory for 21st Century OWLs,” in The Handbook of Research on Virtual Workplaces and the New Nature of Business Practices, edited by Kirk St. Amant and Pavel Zemlansky (Hershey, PA: Idea Group Publishing, 2008).

This article describes results of usability research conducted on the Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL). The Purdue OWL is an information-rich educational website that provides free writing resources to users worldwide. Researchers conducted two generations of usability tests. In the first test, participants were asked to navigate the OWL and answer questions. Results of the first test and user-centered scholarship indicated that a more user-centered focus would improve usability. The second test asked participants to answer writing-related questions using both the OWL website and a user-centered OWL prototype. Participants took significantly less time to find information using the prototype and reported a more positive response to the user-centered prototype than the original OWL. Researchers conclude that a user-centered website is more effective and can be a model for information-rich online resources. Researchers also conclude that usability research can be a productive source of ideas, underscoring the need for participatory invention.

• 作业、期刊或研究生办公室确实要一份摘要
• 从未打开PDF的读者仍能说出主张和主要结果
• 每个数字、样本量和局限也出现在论文中（ICMJE / CONSORT 2025）
• 类型与限制匹配：约100词为描述性，场合要结果则为信息性
• 若用APA，格式正确：第2页、不缩进的段、斜体Keywords行
• IEEE摘要没有编号引文、脚注或编号方程，且Index Terms按字母顺序
• 医学结构化摘要包含效应量，试验则包含注册号
• Nature概要带参考文献，且仅在该场合使用“Here we show”
• 关键词或Index Terms点名题目、总体或方法——不是每个标题
• 论文引用的来源已按指定样式格式化；用引文生成器生成该列表