如何写研究论文引言

课程论文 / 人文学科论文：

读者常把[文本或论争]当作[惯常读法]。那种说法解释不了[来源中已有的张力]。本文主张[可争议的论点]，这之所以重要，是因为它纠正[那种误读]。

IMRaD / 实证论文：

关于[领域]的既有研究已确立[已有定论]。仍不清楚的是[具体空白]。本研究在[人群或情境]中检验[目的、问题或假设]。

设计 / 工程短讯：

现有[任务]系统仍然[该领域已接受的约束]。我们提出[人工物]，它[读者能在方法中核对的主张]。

随机试验（CONSORT 2025 条目6–7）：

[为何需要一项新试验；若有系统综述则引用]。目的是评估，在[时点]的[参与者]中，[干预]相较于[对照]是否改善[主要结局]。

• 以合适尺度点名主题（不是“自太古以来”，也不是方法堆砌）
• 给非专家刚好够跟上主张的定向
• 表明既有工作已经确立了什么
• 识别空白、张力、谜题或实际问题
• 陈述研究问题、论点或假设
• 说明若答案正确，利害何在
• 可选预告论文结构（长论文和部分社会科学文章常见；短科学快报少见）
• 在社会科学论文中点明范围限定：研究不覆盖什么，以及为何

Harvard College Writing Center, “Introductions”

The introduction to an academic essay will generally present an analytical question or problem and then offer an answer to that question (the thesis).

Harvard College Writing Center, “What Do Introductions Across the Disciplines Have in Common?”

While the introductions focus on very different topics, each one contains the key elements of an introduction: orienting information, an explanation of what’s at stake, and a thesis.

UNC Writing Center, “Introductions”

Your introduction is an important road map for the rest of your paper. Your introduction conveys a lot of information to your readers. You can let them know what your topic is, why it is important, and how you plan to proceed with your discussion.

University of Toronto Writing Advice, “Introductions and Conclusions”

A good introduction should identify your topic, provide essential context, and indicate your particular focus in the essay. It also needs to engage your readers’ interest.

USC Libraries, “4. The Introduction”

The introduction leads the reader from a general subject area to a particular topic of inquiry.

APA Style (7th edition headings)

Because the first paragraphs of a paper are understood to be introductory, the heading “Introduction” is not needed. Do not begin a paper with an “Introduction” heading; the paper title at the top of the first page of text acts as a de facto Level 1 heading.

IEEE Author Center, “Structure Your Article”

The introduction section includes a review of the existing literature to position your research within the broader scientific field and to show the novelty of your work. The introduction should also describe the question you’re trying to answer with your research and why that question is important to the field.

ICMJE Recommendations (January 2026, manuscript introduction)

Provide a context or background for the study (that is, the nature of the problem and its significance). State the specific purpose or research objective of, or hypothesis tested by, the study or observation. Cite only directly pertinent references, and do not include data or conclusions from the work being reported.

利害，不是主题辩护

It’s not enough to explain why the topic you’re writing about matters; rather, you need to explain what your essay adds to that discussion.

不要写宇宙级首句

Avoid writing a very general opening sentence. While it may be true that “Since the dawn of time, people have been telling love stories,” it won’t help you explain what’s interesting about your topic.

不要写空洞漏斗

Avoid writing a “funnel” introduction in which you begin with a very broad statement about a topic and move to a narrow statement about that topic. Broad generalizations about a topic will not add to your readers’ understanding of your specific essay topic.

尺度恰当的领域语言（压缩自 Vaswani et al. 2017）

带注意力机制的循环编码器—解码器模型已成为机器翻译的默认，但它们一次只生成一个位置的隐状态，因此难以在长序列上并行训练。

过宽的领域语言

自文明黎明以来，人类就想翻译语言。

• 空白： “然而，很少有研究分离……” / “仍不清楚是否……”
• 反主张： “那些估计假定X；该假定在……时失败。”
• 问题： “尽管反复观察到A，我们仍不知道为何B会发生。”
• 延续： “这些结果提示有必要在……中检验同一机制。”
• 中性对照（当你不想攻击先前作者时）： “尽管研究已投入A，对B的关注较少。”

作为真实假设的语步3（Harvard样本：Talia Blatt ’23，Crane Beach沙丘）

Using the sand dunes at Crane Beach in Ipswich, Massachusetts, this study uses the chronosequence approach to study primary succession, characterizing an ecological community’s change over time with the proxy of distance from the shore. I hypothesize that overall diversity will increase with time, as pioneer grasses colonize and facilitate shrubs and eventually trees.

结构句（仅长文；带标签模板）

第2节评述[空白所依赖的研究]；第3节描述样本与模型；第4节报告结果；第5节讨论含义。

多数论文需要多长

The introductions for most papers can be effectively written in one paragraph occupying half to three-quarters of the first page.

在第一句就提起主题

Get to the point as soon as possible. Generally, you want to raise your topic in your very first sentences. A common error is to begin too broadly or too far off topic. Avoid sweeping generalizations.

错误尺度（UNC / Harvard“人类黎明”）

纵观人类历史，传播塑造了社会。如今技术比以往任何时候都更重要。本文讨论社交媒体。

正确尺度（领域已在问题内部）

海岸沙丘是研究生态演替的关键场所，而关于该演替的理论仍在Clements的顶极群落与Gleason的条件性多顶极之间争执。

UNC Writing Center

Sometimes it’s easiest to just write up all of your evidence first and then write the introduction last—that way you can be sure that the introduction will match the body of the paper.

University of Toronto Writing Advice

It can be fine to leave the writing of the introduction for a later stage in the essay-writing process. Some people write their introduction only after they have completed the rest of the essay. Others write the introduction first but rewrite it significantly in light of what they end up saying in the body of their paper.

过于含糊

本文将讨论气候政策及其对社会的诸多重要影响。

真实假设（Harvard样本：Blatt，Crane Beach）

I hypothesize that overall diversity will increase with time, as pioneer grasses colonize and facilitate shrubs and eventually trees. This biotic shift will likely be accompanied by an abiotic shift in soil texture, from coarse to fine. Altogether, I hypothesize that the dune chronosequence will show a progression in line with Clements’ vision of a maximally biodiverse climax community.

真实试验目标（CONSORT 2025 条目7示例，Hopewell et al.）

To evaluate whether a structured exercise programme improved functional and health related quality of life outcomes compared with usual care for women at high risk of upper limb disability after breast cancer surgery.

真实解释性论点（Harvard样本：Eliza Hirsch ’25，Hamlet）

In Hamlet, the motif of ears being physically attacked creates a connection between physical and verbal violence and ultimately suggests that the two are equal.

APA Style学生论文设置指南

Begin with an introduction to provide background and context. Do not use the label “Introduction” unless specifically requested; the beginning of the text is assumed to be the introduction.

We wish to suggest a structure for the salt of deoxyribose nucleic acid (D.N.A.). This structure has novel features which are of considerable biological interest.

可借用之处

语步3先来，因为贡献就是该结构。随后几段再评述Pauling and Corey相互竞争的三链模型以及Fraser的一条注释——服务于已被占据空缺的语步1。此模式适合快报和部分工程短讯。它对仍欠读者一个空白的学生心理学报告是糟糕模板。

语步1（领域）

循环网络，尤其是LSTM与门控循环模型，曾是序列建模与翻译的既定路径。那些模型一次计算一个时间步的隐状态，从而阻碍长序列上的并行训练。注意力已被广泛使用，但几乎总是与循环网络一起。

语步2（空缺）

即便有了效率技巧，顺序约束仍然存在。用于转导的纯注意力架构尚未取代循环。

语步3（他们的措辞）

In this work we propose the Transformer, a model architecture eschewing recurrence and instead relying entirely on an attention mechanism to draw global dependencies between input and output.

可借用之处

那些段落中的每一条引用都支撑空缺。没有计算史前奏。目的句点名模型与主张（“entirely on an attention mechanism”），使读者能预测论文其余部分。

定向信息加利害

Coastal dunes are key sites for the study of ecological succession – the process of structural change in an ecological community after a disturbance (Martinez et al., 2018). … Theories of succession remain contested: Frederic Clements envisioned a steady progression towards a climax community, which has been the traditional understanding. Conversely, Henry Gleason imagined a more contingent, polyclimax theory of succession, in which different organisms are adapted to live together in different environments.

可借用之处

第一句已经在生态演替内部。利害是具名的理论争端，而不是“人们关心海滩”。假设（上文已引）具体到足以出错。Harvard注释此样本，以显示一个开篇中的定向信息、利害与论点。

Hirsch论点句

In Hamlet, the motif of ears being physically attacked creates a connection between physical and verbal violence and ultimately suggests that the two are equal.

可借用之处

谜题已在指定剧作中。没有词典、没有太古主张、没有读书报告式出版事实。读者知道正文必须出现哪些场景。

学生论文示例

Douglass声称“education and slavery were incompatible with each other”，容易被赞为对识字的辩护，也容易被误读为个人上进故事。Narrative花在Hugh Auld禁止Sophia Auld继续授课那一刻的力气，不亚于花在Douglass后来获得的任何技能上。本文主张，这次中断才是教育情节的政治中心：文本把识字的被奴役者当作对蓄奴秩序的公共危险，所以课必须停，而Douglass把课的停止呈现为证据，而不只是个人损失。

可借用之处

引语来自指定一手来源，不是励志海报。论点可争议。读者知道正文必须出现哪些场景。这里没有引用虚构的“Jones (2024)”社交媒体研究。

• 同事单凭开篇就能预测论文的论证或研究（UNC的检验）
• 第一句已在问题内部，而不在人类历史中
• 定向信息是非专家理解论点或假设所需的最低限度
• 空缺或利害具体到足以出错
• 目的陈述与正文和结论相符
• 既有工作被综合，而不是列成“Author (Year) found… Author (Year) found…”
• ICMJE式Introduction中不出现结果
• 试验引言在存在系统综述时引用它（CONSORT 2025 条目6），并陈述PICO式目标（条目7）
• 节标签匹配APA、MLA、Chicago、IEEE或期刊模板
• 每一处引用都有同一体例的文献或书目条目
• 长度由体裁证明，而不是由焦虑证明
• 仅当读者没有它们就无法继续时才定义专门术语
• 若有摘要，它不只是复制本页