如何整理研究文件、来源与引用库

1. 捕获记录：

使用引用管理器（Harvard Library 与 Harvard Guide 都让初学者从 Zotero 起步），或用一行电子表格记下作者、年份、题名、容器、DOI 或 URL，以及找到它的日期。

2. 附加文件：

把 PDF、扫描件或快照存在这条记录上。若文件必须留在磁盘上，遵循 Harvard 的归档与标注规则（完整引文或 URL，加上复制日期，再加上用途说明）以及 Princeton 的命名：日期在前、不要空格、版本放在末尾。

Princeton 官方示例：

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3. 放两次：

把条目加入项目集合（论文、章节或课程）。再打工作流标签（to-read、方法或主题）。Zotero 可把同一条目放进多个集合而不复制它。群组库是另一个库：把条目拖进去会生成单独副本。

4. 在矩阵上打分：

每个来源一行或一列，每个轴一个主题。空单元格也是信息：该来源不谈论该主张。

The best way to make sure you don't plagiarize due to confusion or carelessness is to 1) understand what you're doing when you write a paper and 2) follow a method that is systematic and careful as you do your research. In other words, if you have a clear sense of what question you're trying to answer and what knowledge you're building on, and if you keep careful, clear notes along the way, it's much easier to use sources effectively and responsibly and, most of all, to write a successful paper.

If you cut and paste from an electronic document into your notes and forget to clearly label the document in your notes, or if you draw information from a series of websites without taking careful notes, you may end up taking credit for ideas that aren't yours, whether you mean to or not.

For example, while it may seem obvious to you that an idea drawn from Professor Steven Pinker's book The Language Instinct should only appear in your paper if you include a clear citation, it might be less clear that information you glean about language acquisition from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy website warrants a similar citation.

Never cut and paste information from an electronic source straight into your own essay, and never type verbatim sentences from a print source straight into your essay. Instead, open a separate document on your computer for each source so you can file research information carefully.

When you type or cut and paste into that document, make sure to include the full citation information for the print source or the full URL and the date you copied the page(s).

Use logical and precise names for the files you create, and add citation information and dates. This allows you to retrieve the files easily, deters you from accidentally deleting files, and helps you keep a log of the order in which your research was conducted.

It's a good idea to add a note to each file that describes how you might use the information in that file.

And, of course, always remember to back up your files.

Don't save your citations for later

Never paraphrase or quote from a source without immediately adding a citation. You should add citations in your notes, in your response papers, in your drafts, and in your revisions. Without them, it's too easy to lose track of where you got a quotation or an idea and to end up inadvertently taking credit for material that's not your own.

Keep a source trail

You ought to be able to reconstruct the path you took from your sources to your notes and from your notes to your drafts and revision.

There are several software programs that can help you organize your sources and generate your citations. The Harvard Library offers information about Zotero, Endnote, and Overleaf Pro. If you are new to citation management tools, you might want to start with Zotero, since the Harvard Library offers extensive guidance for how to use it.

Zotero is a free tool that you can add to either Chrome or Firefox. Once you have Zotero installed, you can use it to organize, keep track of, and annotate your sources.

When you use citation generators, it’s important to remember that the machine-generated citations are only as accurate as the information you put into them. You should always check your citations to make sure they are correctly formatted.

An easy-to-use citation tool to help you collect, organize, cite, and share research.

Great for undergraduates as well as seasoned researchers

No cost even after you leave Harvard

• 创作者姓名与年份
• 题名与容器（期刊、图书、网站）
• DOI 或 URL，以及查阅日期
• 磁盘上的文件名（若 PDF 未附在管理器上）
• 状态：to-read、reading 或 used-in-draft
• 来源实际涉及的主题
• 你预期引用的主张定位（页码、节或时间戳）
• 一句留下它的理由

Note that items can belong to multiple collections; it is best to think of collections as more like “playlists” than like folders on your computer.

Collections allow hierarchical organization of items into groups and subgroups. The same item can belong to multiple collections and subcollections in your library at the same time. Collections are useful for filing items in meaningful groups (e.g., items for a particular project, from a specific source, on a specific topic, or for a particular course).

Tags (often called “keywords” in other contexts) allow for detailed characterization of an item. You can tag items based on their topics, methods, status, ratings, or even based on your own workflow (e.g., “to-read”). Items can have as many tags as you like, and you can filter your library (or a specific collection) to show items having a specific set of one or more tags.

Tags are portable, but collections are not. Copying items between Zotero libraries (My Library and group libraries) will transfer their tags, but not their collection placements.

Deleting a collection does not delete the items in the collection. Items are still accessible by clicking on My Library or the Group library name.

Many people use colored tags for “to read” or “favorite” items.

Saved Searches are like smart collections. They automatically update to include all the items in your library that meet the search criteria. For example, you can create a “To Read” Saved Search with the criteria Tag is not read. Then, opening the Saved Search will show you all of the items in your library that you haven’t read yet (i.e., the ones without a “read” tag).

Items that are not in any collection can be found in the “Unfiled Items” special collection at the bottom of the collections list in the left Zotero pane.

Note that group libraries are wholly separate from My Library. Any items dragged into them are separate copies and changes to the items will not be reflected in your own copy of the item until you drag it back into My Library.

集合（播放列表）：

• HIST-201 研讨课论文
• 学位论文 / 第2章 史学史
• 课程阅读 / 秋季方法课

标签（过滤器）：

• to-read 或 read（Zotero 自己的工作流示例）
• 方法：访谈、实验或档案
• 主题：一个你会当真当标题用的短名词
• 状态：cited-in-draft（只有句子用过之后）

Descriptive file names are an important part of organizing, sharing, and keeping track of data files. Develop a naming convention based on elements that are important to the project.

Files should be named consistently

File names should be short but descriptive (<25 characters)

Avoid special characters or spaces in a file name

Use capitals and underscores instead of periods or spaces or slashes

Use date format ISO 8601: YYYYMMDD

Include a version number

Write down naming convention in data management plan

Date of creation (putting the date in the front will facilitate computer aided date sorting)

YYYYMMDD_Image_Modification

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project-slug/
├── 00_admin/          README、命名规则、时间线
├── 01_data/           原始与分析文件夹、带日期的文件
├── 02_sources_extra/  管理器存不下的扫描件或媒体
└── 03_writing/        提纲与带日期的草稿，不要 "Final_final"

A literature review can be just a simple summary of the sources, but it usually has an organizational pattern and combines both summary and synthesis. A summary is a recap of the important information of the source, but a synthesis is a re-organization, or a reshuffling, of that information.

A literature review, like a term paper, is usually organized around ideas, not the sources themselves as an annotated bibliography would be organized.

The current trend in treatment for congestive heart failure combines surgery and medicine.

More and more cultural studies scholars are accepting popular media as a subject worthy of academic consideration.

The synthesis matrix is a chart that allows you to sort and categorize different arguments presented on an issue. Across the top of the chart are the spaces to record sources, and along the side of the chart are the spaces to record the main points of argument on the topic at hand.

After your chart is complete, you’ll notice patterns of information. You may find that your sources discuss very similar material, or that they deal with completely different aspects of your topic.

A good indicator is when you’re no longer learning new details, and you’re not finding leads on any new resources. At this point you're ready to begin writing and are in the synthesis stage.

Atkinson, M. P., Wills, J. B., & McClure, A. I. (2008). The evidence matrix: A simple heuristic for analyzing and integrating evidence. Teaching Sociology, 36(3), 262–271. https://doi.org/10.1177/0092055X0803600306

主题 \ 来源               | Atkinson et al. 2008 | 来源 B | 来源 C
------------------------|----------------------|----------|---------
什么算作证据             | (page: …)            |          |
学生如何组织它           | (page: …)            |          |
方法在何处失败           | (page: …)            |          |

Ransomware grew again to 48% of all breaches, up from 44% from the previous year.

3 copies of important files

2 different types of storage media (like a hard drive and the cloud)

1 copy stored off-site, away from your business location

Storing the Zotero data directory directly in a cloud storage folder is extremely likely to corrupt your Zotero database and should not be done.

Data syncing is free and unlimited, and it can be used without file syncing.