كيفية تنظيم ملفات البحث والمصادر ومكتبة الاستشهاد

1. التقط السجل:

استخدم مدير استشهاد (Harvard يبدأ المبتدئين بـ Zotero) أو جدولًا من صف واحد فيه المؤلف والسنة والعنوان والوعاء وDOI أو URL وتاريخ العثور عليه.

2. أرفق الملف:

احفظ ملف PDF أو المسح أو اللقطة على السجل. إن وجب أن يعيش الملف على القرص، سَمِّه كما يفعل Princeton Research Data Service: التاريخ أولًا، بلا مسافات، والإصدار في النهاية.

أمثلة Princeton الرسمية:

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CarnegieLakeWordCloudV1
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3. ضعه مرتين:

أضف العنصر إلى مجموعة المشروع (الورقة أو الفصل أو المقرر). وسِمه لسير العمل (to-read أو المنهج أو الموضوع). يستطيع Zotero أن يضع العنصر نفسه في عدة مجموعات دون أن يكرّره.

4. قيّمه على مصفوفة:

صف أو عمود لكل مصدر، وموضوع واحد لكل محور. الخلايا الفارغة معلومة: هذا المصدر لا يتحدث عن ذلك الادعاء.

The best way to make sure you don't plagiarize due to confusion or carelessness is to 1) understand what you're doing when you write a paper and 2) follow a method that is systematic and careful as you do your research. In other words, if you have a clear sense of what question you're trying to answer and what knowledge you're building on, and if you keep careful, clear notes along the way, it's much easier to use sources effectively and responsibly and, most of all, to write a successful paper.

If you cut and paste from an electronic document into your notes and forget to clearly label the document in your notes, or if you draw information from a series of websites without taking careful notes, you may end up taking credit for ideas that aren't yours, whether you mean to or not.

For example, while it may seem obvious to you that an idea drawn from Professor Steven Pinker's book The Language Instinct should only appear in your paper if you include a clear citation, it might be less clear that information you glean about language acquisition from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy website warrants a similar citation.

Don't Cut and Paste: File and Label Your Sources

Never cut and paste information from a source straight into your own essay, and never type verbatim sentences from a print source straight into your essay. Instead, open a separate document on your computer for each source so you can file research information carefully.

Don't Save Your Citations for Later

Never paraphrase or quote from a source without immediately adding a citation. You should add citations in your notes, in your response papers, in your drafts, and in your revisions. Without them, it's too easy to lose track of where you got a quotation or an idea and to end up inadvertently taking credit for material that's not your own.

Keep a Source Trail

You ought to be able to reconstruct the path you took from your sources to your notes and from your notes to your drafts and revision.

There are several software programs that can help you organize your sources and generate your citations. The Harvard Library offers information about Zotero, Endnote, and Overleaf Pro. If you are new to citation management tools, you might want to start with Zotero, since the Harvard Library offers extensive guidance for how to use it.

Zotero is a free tool that you can add to either Chrome or Firefox. Once you have Zotero installed, you can use it to organize, keep track of, and annotate your sources.

When you use citation generators, it’s important to remember that the machine-generated citations are only as accurate as the information you put into them. You should always check your citations to make sure they are correctly formatted.

• أسماء المنشئين والسنة
• العنوان والوعاء (دورية أو كتاب أو موقع)
• DOI أو URL، مع تاريخ الاطلاع
• اسم الملف على القرص إن لم يُرفق PDF بمدير
• الحالة: to-read أو قيد القراءة أو used-in-draft
• الموضوعات التي يعالجها المصدر فعلًا
• محدِّد الادعاء الذي تتوقع الاستشهاد به (صفحة أو قسم أو طابع زمني)
• جملة واحدة لسبب الإبقاء عليه

Note that items can belong to multiple collections; it is best to think of collections as more like “playlists” than like folders on your computer.

Collections allow hierarchical organization of items into groups and subgroups. The same item can belong to multiple collections and subcollections in your library at the same time. Collections are useful for filing items in meaningful groups (e.g., items for a particular project, from a specific source, on a specific topic, or for a particular course).

Tags (often called “keywords” in other contexts) allow for detailed characterization of an item. You can tag items based on their topics, methods, status, ratings, or even based on your own workflow (e.g., “to-read”). Items can have as many tags as you like, and you can filter your library (or a specific collection) to show items having a specific set of one or more tags.

Tags are portable, but collections are not. Copying items between Zotero libraries (My Library and group libraries) will transfer their tags, but not their collection placements.

Deleting a collection does not delete the items in the collection. Items are still accessible by clicking on My Library or the Group library name.

Saved Searches are like smart collections. They automatically update to include all the items in your library that meet the search criteria. For example, you can create a “To Read” Saved Search with the criteria Tag is not read. Then, opening the Saved Search will show you all of the items in your library that you haven’t read yet (i.e., the ones without a “read” tag).

المجموعات (قوائم تشغيل):

• HIST-201 ورقة الندوة
• أطروحة / ف. 2 التأريخ
• قراءات المقرر / مناهج الخريف

الوسوم (مرشحات):

• to-read أو read (مثال سير عمل Zotero نفسه)
• method: مقابلة أو تجربة أو أرشيف
• theme: اسم قصير تستخدمه فعلًا عنوانًا
• status: cited-in-draft (فقط بعد أن تستخدمه جملة)

Descriptive file names are an important part of organizing, sharing, and keeping track of data files. Develop a naming convention based on elements that are important to the project.

Files should be named consistently

File names should be short but descriptive (<25 characters)

Avoid special characters or spaces in a file name

Use capitals and underscores instead of periods or spaces or slashes

Use date format ISO 8601: YYYYMMDD

Include a version number

Write down naming convention in data management plan

Date of creation (putting the date in the front will facilitate computer aided date sorting)

YYYYMMDD_Image_Modification

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LocationAnalysisVersion

CarnegieLakeWordCloudV1
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CarnegieLakeMapV2

project-slug/
├── 00_admin/          README، قاعدة التسمية، الجدول الزمني
├── 01_data/           مجلدات خام وتحليل، ملفات مؤرخة
├── 02_sources_extra/  مسوحات أو وسائط لا يستطيع المدير تخزينها
└── 03_writing/        مخططات ومسودات مؤرخة، لا "Final_final"

A literature review can be just a simple summary of the sources, but it usually has an organizational pattern and combines both summary and synthesis. A summary is a recap of the important information of the source, but a synthesis is a re-organization, or a reshuffling, of that information.

A literature review, like a term paper, is usually organized around ideas, not the sources themselves as an annotated bibliography would be organized.

The current trend in treatment for congestive heart failure combines surgery and medicine.

More and more cultural studies scholars are accepting popular media as a subject worthy of academic consideration.

The synthesis matrix is a chart that allows you to sort and categorize different arguments presented on an issue. Across the top of the chart are the spaces to record sources, and along the side of the chart are the spaces to record the main points of argument on the topic at hand.

After your chart is complete, you’ll notice patterns of information. You may find that your sources discuss very similar material, or that they deal with completely different aspects of your topic.

A good indicator is when you’re no longer learning new details, and you’re not finding leads on any new resources. At this point you're ready to begin writing and are in the synthesis stage.

Atkinson, M. P., Wills, J. B., & McClure, A. I. (2008). The evidence matrix: A simple heuristic for analyzing and integrating evidence. Teaching Sociology, 36(3), 262–271. https://doi.org/10.1177/0092055X0803600306

Theme \ Source          | Atkinson et al. 2008 | Source B | Source C
------------------------|----------------------|----------|---------
What counts as evidence | (page: …)            |          |
How students organize it| (page: …)            |          |
Where the method fails  | (page: …)            |          |

3 copies of important files

2 different types of storage media (like a hard drive and the cloud)

1 copy stored off-site, away from your business location

Storing the Zotero data directory directly in a cloud storage folder is extremely likely to corrupt your Zotero database and should not be done.

Data syncing is free and unlimited, and it can be used without file syncing.