연구 파일, 출처, 인용 라이브러리를 정리하는 법

1. 레코드를 잡으세요:

인용 관리기를 쓰세요(Harvard는 초보자에게 Zotero로 시작하라고 합니다). 또는 저자, 연도, 제목, 수록 매체, DOI나 URL, 찾은 날짜가 있는 한 줄짜리 스프레드시트도 됩니다.

2. 파일을 첨부하세요:

PDF, 스캔, 스냅샷을 그 레코드에 두세요. 파일이 디스크에 남아야 한다면 Princeton Research Data Service처럼 이름을 붙이세요. 날짜가 먼저, 공백 없이, 버전은 끝에.

Princeton 공식 예:

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3. 두 곳에 두세요:

항목을 프로젝트 컬렉션(논문, 장, 수업)에 넣으세요. 작업용으로 태그를 달으세요(to-read, 방법, 또는 주제). Zotero는 같은 항목을 복제하지 않고 여러 컬렉션에 둘 수 있습니다.

4. 매트릭스에서 채점하세요:

출처마다 한 행 또는 한 열, 축마다 주제 하나. 빈 칸은 정보입니다. 그 출처가 그 주장에 말하지 않는다는 뜻입니다.

The best way to make sure you don't plagiarize due to confusion or carelessness is to 1) understand what you're doing when you write a paper and 2) follow a method that is systematic and careful as you do your research. In other words, if you have a clear sense of what question you're trying to answer and what knowledge you're building on, and if you keep careful, clear notes along the way, it's much easier to use sources effectively and responsibly and, most of all, to write a successful paper.

If you cut and paste from an electronic document into your notes and forget to clearly label the document in your notes, or if you draw information from a series of websites without taking careful notes, you may end up taking credit for ideas that aren't yours, whether you mean to or not.

For example, while it may seem obvious to you that an idea drawn from Professor Steven Pinker's book The Language Instinct should only appear in your paper if you include a clear citation, it might be less clear that information you glean about language acquisition from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy website warrants a similar citation.

Don't Cut and Paste: File and Label Your Sources

Never cut and paste information from a source straight into your own essay, and never type verbatim sentences from a print source straight into your essay. Instead, open a separate document on your computer for each source so you can file research information carefully.

Don't Save Your Citations for Later

Never paraphrase or quote from a source without immediately adding a citation. You should add citations in your notes, in your response papers, in your drafts, and in your revisions. Without them, it's too easy to lose track of where you got a quotation or an idea and to end up inadvertently taking credit for material that's not your own.

Keep a Source Trail

You ought to be able to reconstruct the path you took from your sources to your notes and from your notes to your drafts and revision.

There are several software programs that can help you organize your sources and generate your citations. The Harvard Library offers information about Zotero, Endnote, and Overleaf Pro. If you are new to citation management tools, you might want to start with Zotero, since the Harvard Library offers extensive guidance for how to use it.

Zotero is a free tool that you can add to either Chrome or Firefox. Once you have Zotero installed, you can use it to organize, keep track of, and annotate your sources.

When you use citation generators, it’s important to remember that the machine-generated citations are only as accurate as the information you put into them. You should always check your citations to make sure they are correctly formatted.

• 작성자 이름과 연도
• 제목과 수록 매체(학술지, 책, 사이트)
• DOI 또는 URL, 그리고 참고한 날짜
• 디스크상 파일 이름(PDF가 관리기에 첨부되지 않은 경우)
• 상태: to-read, reading, 또는 used-in-draft
• 출처가 실제로 다루는 주제
• 인용할 주장의 위치 정보(쪽, 절, 또는 타임스탬프)
• 남긴 이유를 한 문장으로

Note that items can belong to multiple collections; it is best to think of collections as more like “playlists” than like folders on your computer.

Collections allow hierarchical organization of items into groups and subgroups. The same item can belong to multiple collections and subcollections in your library at the same time. Collections are useful for filing items in meaningful groups (e.g., items for a particular project, from a specific source, on a specific topic, or for a particular course).

Tags (often called “keywords” in other contexts) allow for detailed characterization of an item. You can tag items based on their topics, methods, status, ratings, or even based on your own workflow (e.g., “to-read”). Items can have as many tags as you like, and you can filter your library (or a specific collection) to show items having a specific set of one or more tags.

Tags are portable, but collections are not. Copying items between Zotero libraries (My Library and group libraries) will transfer their tags, but not their collection placements.

Deleting a collection does not delete the items in the collection. Items are still accessible by clicking on My Library or the Group library name.

Saved Searches are like smart collections. They automatically update to include all the items in your library that meet the search criteria. For example, you can create a “To Read” Saved Search with the criteria Tag is not read. Then, opening the Saved Search will show you all of the items in your library that you haven’t read yet (i.e., the ones without a “read” tag).

컬렉션(재생목록):

• HIST-201 세미나 논문
• 학위논문 / 2장 사학사
• 수업 문헌 / 가을 방법론

태그(필터):

• to-read 또는 read(Zotero 자체의 작업 흐름 예)
• method: 인터뷰, 실험, 또는 아카이브
• theme: 제목으로 실제로 쓸 짧은 명사 하나
• status: cited-in-draft(문장에서 쓴 뒤에만)

Descriptive file names are an important part of organizing, sharing, and keeping track of data files. Develop a naming convention based on elements that are important to the project.

Files should be named consistently

File names should be short but descriptive (<25 characters)

Avoid special characters or spaces in a file name

Use capitals and underscores instead of periods or spaces or slashes

Use date format ISO 8601: YYYYMMDD

Include a version number

Write down naming convention in data management plan

Date of creation (putting the date in the front will facilitate computer aided date sorting)

YYYYMMDD_Image_Modification

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LocationAnalysisVersion

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project-slug/
├── 00_admin/          README, naming rule, timeline
├── 01_data/           raw and analysis folders, dated files
├── 02_sources_extra/  scans or media the manager cannot store
└── 03_writing/        outlines and dated drafts, not "Final_final"

A literature review can be just a simple summary of the sources, but it usually has an organizational pattern and combines both summary and synthesis. A summary is a recap of the important information of the source, but a synthesis is a re-organization, or a reshuffling, of that information.

A literature review, like a term paper, is usually organized around ideas, not the sources themselves as an annotated bibliography would be organized.

The current trend in treatment for congestive heart failure combines surgery and medicine.

More and more cultural studies scholars are accepting popular media as a subject worthy of academic consideration.

The synthesis matrix is a chart that allows you to sort and categorize different arguments presented on an issue. Across the top of the chart are the spaces to record sources, and along the side of the chart are the spaces to record the main points of argument on the topic at hand.

After your chart is complete, you’ll notice patterns of information. You may find that your sources discuss very similar material, or that they deal with completely different aspects of your topic.

A good indicator is when you’re no longer learning new details, and you’re not finding leads on any new resources. At this point you're ready to begin writing and are in the synthesis stage.

Atkinson, M. P., Wills, J. B., & McClure, A. I. (2008). The evidence matrix: A simple heuristic for analyzing and integrating evidence. Teaching Sociology, 36(3), 262–271. https://doi.org/10.1177/0092055X0803600306

Theme \ Source          | Atkinson et al. 2008 | Source B | Source C
------------------------|----------------------|----------|---------
What counts as evidence | (page: …)            |          |
How students organize it| (page: …)            |          |
Where the method fails  | (page: …)            |          |

3 copies of important files

2 different types of storage media (like a hard drive and the cloud)

1 copy stored off-site, away from your business location

Storing the Zotero data directory directly in a cloud storage folder is extremely likely to corrupt your Zotero database and should not be done.

Data syncing is free and unlimited, and it can be used without file syncing.