나중에 인용할 수 있는 연구 노트 작성법

인용 먼저:

Mueller, P. A., & Oppenheimer, D. M. (2014). The pen is mightier than the keyboard: Advantages of longhand over laptop note taking. Psychological Science, 25(6), 1159–1168. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614524581

Q (직접 인용):

문구를 따옴표 안에 그대로 베끼고, 쪽수나 다른 위치 표시를 붙이세요. 저자의 구두점을 다듬지 마세요.

PARA (바꿔 쓰기):

PDF를 닫고, 주장 하나를 자신의 문장 구조로 다시 쓴 뒤, 다시 열어 저자의 구절이 남아 있지 않은지 확인하세요.

SUM (요약):

논문이나 장 전체에 대해 한두 문장. 그래도 인용하세요. 요약은 일반 지식이 아닙니다.

MINE (자신의 생각):

반응은 대괄호나 다른 색으로 적어, 출처가 말한 것처럼 초고에 붙이지 못하게 하세요.

The best way to make sure you don't plagiarize due to confusion or carelessness is to 1) understand what you're doing when you write a paper and 2) follow a method that is systematic and careful as you do your research. In other words, if you have a clear sense of what question you're trying to answer and what knowledge you're building on, and if you keep careful, clear notes along the way, it's much easier to use sources effectively and responsibly and, most of all, to write a successful paper.

If you cut and paste from an electronic document into your notes and forget to clearly label the document in your notes, or if you draw information from a series of websites without taking careful notes, you may end up taking credit for ideas that aren't yours, whether you mean to or not.

Any quotations, however small, must be placed in quotation marks or clearly indented beyond the regular margin.

The student is responsible for taking adequate notes so that debts of phrasing may be acknowledged where they are due.

Plagiarism is presenting another person’s ideas, words, or entire work as your own.

Paraphrasing someone’s ideas or arguments or copying someone’s unique wording without giving proper credit is plagiarism.

It’s even possible to plagiarize yourself. In published work, if you reuse ideas or phrases that you used in prior work and do not cite your prior work, you have plagiarized.

Taking careful notes is simply the best way to avoid plagiarism.

Make careful distinctions between direct quotations and your paraphrasing! This is critical if you want to be sure to avoid accidentally plagiarizing someone else’s work.

Record full citations for each source. Don’t get lazy here! It will be far more difficult to find the proper citation later than to write it down now.

When you want to paraphrase material, it's a good idea first to paste the actual quotation into your notes (not directly into your draft) and then to paraphrase it (still in your notes). Putting the information in your own words will help you make sure that you've thought about what the source is saying and that you have a good reason for using it in your paper. Remember to use some form of notation in your notes to indicate what you've paraphrased and mention the author's name within the material you paraphrase. You should also include all citation information in your notes.

Don't save your citations for later

Never paraphrase or quote from a source without immediately adding a citation. You should add citations in your notes, in your response papers, in your drafts, and in your revisions. Without them, it's too easy to lose track of where you got a quotation or an idea and to end up inadvertently taking credit for material that's not your own.

Quotations must be identical to the original, using a narrow segment of the source. They must match the source document word for word and must be attributed to the original author.

Paraphrasing involves putting a passage from source material into your own words. A paraphrase must also be attributed to the original source. Paraphrased material is usually shorter than the original passage, taking a somewhat broader segment of the source and condensing it slightly.

Summarizing involves putting the main idea(s) into your own words, including only the main point(s). Once again, it is necessary to attribute summarized ideas to the original source. Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and take a broad overview of the source material.

If you use an author’s specific word or words, you must place those words within quotation marks and you must credit the source.

Look away from the source then write. Read the text you want to paraphrase several times until you feel that you understand it and can use your own words to restate it to someone else. Then, look away from the original and rewrite the text in your own words.

상위 레코드로 저장:

Mueller, P. A., & Oppenheimer, D. M. (2014). The pen is mightier than the keyboard: Advantages of longhand over laptop note taking. Psychological Science, 25(6), 1159–1168. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614524581

이후 카드마다 짧은 키:

Mueller & Oppenheimer 2014

같은 카드에 남겨 둘 정오표:

Psychological Science가 이 논문의 정오표를 나중에 실었습니다 (2018), 29(9), 1565–1568, https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797618781773. 정오표가 무엇을 바꿨는지는 지어내지 마세요. 필요한 숫자가 표에 있으면 그 DOI를 여세요.

지어내지 말 것:

두 번째 저자, 2015년, 만든 쪽. PDF에 1160쪽이 보이지 않으면, 저널 쪽매김을 확인할 때까지 PDF 쪽과 절 제목을 적으세요.

Reread the original passage until you understand its full meaning.

Set the original aside, and write your paraphrase on a note card.

Jot down a few words below your paraphrase to remind you later how you envision using this material. At the top of the note card, write a key word or phrase to indicate the subject of your paraphrase.

Check your rendition with the original to make sure that your version accurately expresses all the essential information in a new form.

Use quotation marks to identify any unique term or phraseology you have borrowed exactly from the source.

Record the source (including the page) on your note card so that you can credit it easily if you decide to incorporate the material into your paper.

The original passage

Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers . 2nd ed., 1976, pp. 46-47.

A legitimate paraphrase

In research papers, students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester 46-47).

An acceptable summary

Students should take just a few notes in direct quotation from sources to help minimize the amount of quoted material in a research paper (Lester 46-47).

A plagiarized version (Purdue's label)

Students often use too many direct quotations when they take notes, resulting in too many of them in the final research paper. In fact, probably only about 10% of the final copy should consist of directly quoted material. So it is important to limit the amount of source material copied while taking notes.

If you are tempted to borrow the author’s language, write your notes with the book closed to ensure that you are putting the ideas into your own words. If you’ve already taken a step away from the author’s words in your notes, you’ll find it easier to use your own words in the paper you write.

Q, abstract / p. 1159:

"In three studies, we found that students who took notes on laptops performed worse on conceptual questions than students who took notes longhand."

PARA, 같은 구절:

세 실험에서 노트북 노트는 손글씨 노트보다 개념 적용 문항에서 더 약한 답을 냈습니다.

MINE:

2014년 주장으로 쓰지, 확정된 교실 정책으로 쓰지 말 것. 세미나에서 노트북을 금하기 전에 Urry et al. 2021을 확인한다. 기제가 성립한다면 기계가 아니라 축어 중첩이다.

Don't write down too much

Your essay must be an expression of your own thinking, not a patchwork of borrowed ideas.

Your note cards or note sheets will record only ideas that are relevant to your focus on the topic; and they will mostly summarize rather than quote.

Don't depend on underlining and highlighting. Find your own words for notes in the margin (or on "sticky" notes).

Label your notes intelligently

Leave lots of space in your notes for comments of your own—questions and reactions as you read, second thoughts and cross-references when you look back at what you've written.

Record

During the lecture, use the note-taking column to record the lecture using telegraphic sentences.

Questions

As soon after class as possible, formulate questions based on the notes in the right-hand column. Writing questions helps to clarify meanings, reveal relationships, establish continuity, and strengthen memory. Also, the writing of questions sets up a perfect stage for exam-studying later.

Review

Spend at least ten minutes every week reviewing all your previous notes. If you do, you’ll retain a great deal for current use, as well as, for the exam.

단서 열(왼쪽):

자신의 질문, 주제 태그, 또는 방법 / 결과 / 한계 같은 제목. Cornell이 요구하듯 첫 읽기 뒤에 질문을 쓰세요. 논지를 찾는 중에는 쓰지 마세요.

노트 열(오른쪽):

위치 표시가 있는 Q / PARA / SUM 줄. 전보체는 괜찮습니다. 문단 전체를 축어로 베끼는 것은 Cornell 노트가 아니라 전사입니다.

요약(아래):

자신의 말로 두 문장. 출처가 주장하는 것과, 그것이 당신의 질문에 어떻게 답하는지. 요약을 쓸 수 없으면 읽기를 끝내지 않은 것입니다. 학술 논문을 읽는 법을 보세요.

A note is a thought.

• Abbreviated subject heading — 나중에 정렬할 두세 단어.
• Complete bibliographic citation — 저자, 제목, 출판사나 저널, 날짜, 쪽. 아카이브면 상자와 폴더.
• Notes on facts, quotations, and arguments — Q / PARA / SUM 줄.
• Your interpretation — 맥락, 의의, 출처가 다른 연구에 어떻게 말하는가.

저자 / 연도:

Mueller & Oppenheimer 2014

질문:

멀티태스킹이 없어도 노트북 노트는 개념 학습을 해치는가?

방법:

실험 세 개. Study 1은 TED Talk와 Princeton 피험자 풀을 썼습니다.

인용해도 되는 결과:

노트북 노트는 축어 중첩이 더 많았고, 원연구에서는 개념 점수도 더 나빴습니다.

저자 / 연도:

Urry et al. 2021 (짧은 키. Crossref 기록은 저자 88명을 나열합니다. 추측한 저자 목록이 아니라 DOI를 저장하세요)

공식 제목:

Don't Ditch the Laptop Just Yet: A Direct Replication of Mueller and Oppenheimer’s (2014) Study 1 Plus Mini Meta-Analyses Across Similar Studies

질문:

사전등록한 Study 1의 직접 재현에서도 노트북 불이익이 남는가?

방법:

노트북 n = 74, 손글씨 n = 68. TED Talk. 짧은 방해 뒤 학습 시간 없이 퀴즈. 유사 연구 8편의 미니 메타분석도.

인용해도 되는 결과:

노트북에서 단어 수와 축어 중첩이 더 많았지만, 손글씨에 퀴즈 성적 우위는 없었습니다. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620965541; Psychological Science, 32(3), 326–339.

Annotations added to notes will automatically include links back to the PDF page as well as citations that you can later add to a Word, LibreOffice, or Google Docs document with one of the word processor plugins.

In three studies, we found that students who took notes on laptops performed worse on conceptual questions than students who took notes longhand.

We show that whereas taking more notes can be beneficial, laptop note takers’ tendency to transcribe lectures verbatim rather than processing information and reframing it in their own words is detrimental to learning.

As in the original study, laptop participants took notes containing more words spoken verbatim by the lecturer and more words overall than did longhand participants. However, laptop participants did not perform better than longhand participants on the quiz.

Overall, results do not support the idea that longhand note taking improves immediate learning via better encoding of information.

Bibliographic header as UNC printed it

James Leoni, trans. Ten Books on Architecture by Leone Battista Alberti. London: Alec Tirani, Ltd., 1955.

Chapter heading as UNC printed it

BOOK I, CHAPTER X: “Of the Columns and Walls, and Some Observations Relating to the Columns”

p. 14 note as UNC printed it

(p. 14) Alberti begins by talking about walls, and then says a row of columns is simply “a Wall open and discontinued in several Places;” he says the column supports the roof, and that columns are the most beautiful of the architectural elements; here, he’ll address what columns have in common, and later he’ll discuss their differences.

Cite: 저자. 연도. 제목. 컨테이너. DOI 또는 URL.

Read as: 저널 PDF / 프리프린트 / 책 / 아카이브.

SUM: 한 문장, 자신의 문장 구조, 그래도 출처 주장.

Q 줄:

• "원문 그대로" (p. #)
• 바꿔 쓰기가 아니라 이 문구인 이유

PARA 줄:

• 다시 쓴 주장 (p. #)
• 원문과 대조함: 남은 구절 없음

MINE: 관련성, 반론, 또는 다른 짧은 키로의 연결.

Tags: 주제, 장, 또는 연구 질문. 인용의 대체가 아닙니다.