Cách ghi chú nghiên cứu để sau này có thể trích dẫn

Trích dẫn trước:

Mueller, P. A., & Oppenheimer, D. M. (2014). The pen is mightier than the keyboard: Advantages of longhand over laptop note taking. Psychological Science, 25(6), 1159–1168. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614524581

Q (trích dẫn):

Sao chép nguyên văn, trong dấu ngoặc kép, kèm số trang hoặc định vị khác. Đừng chỉnh dấu câu của tác giả cho gọn.

PARA (diễn giải):

Đóng PDF, diễn đạt lại một luận điểm bằng cú pháp của bạn, rồi mở lại và kiểm tra rằng bạn không giữ các cụm từ của tác giả.

SUM (tóm tắt):

Một hoặc hai câu cho toàn bộ bài hoặc chương. Vẫn phải chú thích. Tóm tắt không phải tri thức phổ thông.

MINE (suy nghĩ của bạn):

Đặt phản ứng của bạn trong ngoặc vuông hoặc màu khác để không thể dán vào bản nháp như thể nguồn đã nói vậy.

The best way to make sure you don't plagiarize due to confusion or carelessness is to 1) understand what you're doing when you write a paper and 2) follow a method that is systematic and careful as you do your research. In other words, if you have a clear sense of what question you're trying to answer and what knowledge you're building on, and if you keep careful, clear notes along the way, it's much easier to use sources effectively and responsibly and, most of all, to write a successful paper.

If you cut and paste from an electronic document into your notes and forget to clearly label the document in your notes, or if you draw information from a series of websites without taking careful notes, you may end up taking credit for ideas that aren't yours, whether you mean to or not.

Any quotations, however small, must be placed in quotation marks or clearly indented beyond the regular margin.

The student is responsible for taking adequate notes so that debts of phrasing may be acknowledged where they are due.

Plagiarism is presenting another person’s ideas, words, or entire work as your own.

Paraphrasing someone’s ideas or arguments or copying someone’s unique wording without giving proper credit is plagiarism.

It’s even possible to plagiarize yourself. In published work, if you reuse ideas or phrases that you used in prior work and do not cite your prior work, you have plagiarized.

Taking careful notes is simply the best way to avoid plagiarism.

Make careful distinctions between direct quotations and your paraphrasing! This is critical if you want to be sure to avoid accidentally plagiarizing someone else’s work.

Record full citations for each source. Don’t get lazy here! It will be far more difficult to find the proper citation later than to write it down now.

When you want to paraphrase material, it's a good idea first to paste the actual quotation into your notes (not directly into your draft) and then to paraphrase it (still in your notes). Putting the information in your own words will help you make sure that you've thought about what the source is saying and that you have a good reason for using it in your paper. Remember to use some form of notation in your notes to indicate what you've paraphrased and mention the author's name within the material you paraphrase. You should also include all citation information in your notes.

Don't save your citations for later

Never paraphrase or quote from a source without immediately adding a citation. You should add citations in your notes, in your response papers, in your drafts, and in your revisions. Without them, it's too easy to lose track of where you got a quotation or an idea and to end up inadvertently taking credit for material that's not your own.

Quotations must be identical to the original, using a narrow segment of the source. They must match the source document word for word and must be attributed to the original author.

Paraphrasing involves putting a passage from source material into your own words. A paraphrase must also be attributed to the original source. Paraphrased material is usually shorter than the original passage, taking a somewhat broader segment of the source and condensing it slightly.

Summarizing involves putting the main idea(s) into your own words, including only the main point(s). Once again, it is necessary to attribute summarized ideas to the original source. Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and take a broad overview of the source material.

If you use an author’s specific word or words, you must place those words within quotation marks and you must credit the source.

Look away from the source then write. Read the text you want to paraphrase several times until you feel that you understand it and can use your own words to restate it to someone else. Then, look away from the original and rewrite the text in your own words.

Lưu làm bản ghi cha:

Mueller, P. A., & Oppenheimer, D. M. (2014). The pen is mightier than the keyboard: Advantages of longhand over laptop note taking. Psychological Science, 25(6), 1159–1168. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614524581

Khóa ngắn trên mọi thẻ sau:

Mueller & Oppenheimer 2014

Bản đính chính giữ trên cùng thẻ:

Psychological Science sau đó đăng bản đính chính cho bài này (2018), 29(9), 1565–1568, https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797618781773. Đừng bịa những gì bản sửa đổi; mở DOI đó nếu một con số bạn cần nằm trong bảng.

Những gì bạn không bịa:

Một tác giả thứ hai, năm 2015, hoặc một trang bịa. Nếu PDF không hiện trang 1160, hãy ghi trang PDF và tiêu đề mục cho đến khi xác nhận phân trang tạp chí.

Reread the original passage until you understand its full meaning.

Set the original aside, and write your paraphrase on a note card.

Jot down a few words below your paraphrase to remind you later how you envision using this material. At the top of the note card, write a key word or phrase to indicate the subject of your paraphrase.

Check your rendition with the original to make sure that your version accurately expresses all the essential information in a new form.

Use quotation marks to identify any unique term or phraseology you have borrowed exactly from the source.

Record the source (including the page) on your note card so that you can credit it easily if you decide to incorporate the material into your paper.

The original passage

Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers . 2nd ed., 1976, pp. 46-47.

A legitimate paraphrase

In research papers, students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester 46-47).

An acceptable summary

Students should take just a few notes in direct quotation from sources to help minimize the amount of quoted material in a research paper (Lester 46-47).

A plagiarized version (Purdue's label)

Students often use too many direct quotations when they take notes, resulting in too many of them in the final research paper. In fact, probably only about 10% of the final copy should consist of directly quoted material. So it is important to limit the amount of source material copied while taking notes.

If you are tempted to borrow the author’s language, write your notes with the book closed to ensure that you are putting the ideas into your own words. If you’ve already taken a step away from the author’s words in your notes, you’ll find it easier to use your own words in the paper you write.

Q, abstract / p. 1159:

"In three studies, we found that students who took notes on laptops performed worse on conceptual questions than students who took notes longhand."

PARA, cùng đoạn:

Qua ba thí nghiệm, ghi chú laptop cho câu trả lời yếu hơn ở các mục ứng dụng khái niệm so với ghi chú viết tay.

MINE:

Dùng đây như luận điểm 2014, không như chính sách lớp đã ổn. Kiểm tra Urry et al. 2021 trước khi bảo seminar cấm laptop. Cơ chế của họ, nếu đứng vững, là chồng lấp nguyên văn, không phải cái máy.

Don't write down too much

Your essay must be an expression of your own thinking, not a patchwork of borrowed ideas.

Your note cards or note sheets will record only ideas that are relevant to your focus on the topic; and they will mostly summarize rather than quote.

Don't depend on underlining and highlighting. Find your own words for notes in the margin (or on "sticky" notes).

Label your notes intelligently

Leave lots of space in your notes for comments of your own—questions and reactions as you read, second thoughts and cross-references when you look back at what you've written.

Record

During the lecture, use the note-taking column to record the lecture using telegraphic sentences.

Questions

As soon after class as possible, formulate questions based on the notes in the right-hand column. Writing questions helps to clarify meanings, reveal relationships, establish continuity, and strengthen memory. Also, the writing of questions sets up a perfect stage for exam-studying later.

Review

Spend at least ten minutes every week reviewing all your previous notes. If you do, you’ll retain a great deal for current use, as well as, for the exam.

Cột gợi ý (trái):

Câu hỏi của bạn, một thẻ chủ đề, hoặc tiêu đề như Method / Finding / Limit. Viết câu hỏi sau lần đọc đầu, như Cornell yêu cầu, không phải khi bạn vẫn đang tìm luận điểm.

Cột ghi chú (phải):

Các dòng Q / PARA / SUM kèm định vị. Phong cách điện tín được. Sao chép nguyên văn cả đoạn không phải ghi chú Cornell; đó là bản phiên âm.

Tóm tắt (dưới):

Hai câu bằng lời của bạn: nguồn khẳng định gì, và nó trả lời câu hỏi của bạn thế nào. Nếu không viết được tóm tắt, bạn chưa đọc xong. Xem cách đọc bài báo học thuật.

A note is a thought.

• Abbreviated subject heading — hai hoặc ba từ để sắp xếp sau.
• Complete bibliographic citation — tác giả, tựa, nhà xuất bản hoặc tạp chí, ngày, và trang; hoặc hộp và thư mục cho lưu trữ.
• Notes on facts, quotations, and arguments — các dòng Q / PARA / SUM.
• Your interpretation — ngữ cảnh, ý nghĩa, và cách nguồn nói với học thuật khác.

Tác giả / năm:

Mueller & Oppenheimer 2014

Câu hỏi:

Ghi chú laptop có hại học khái niệm ngay cả khi không đa nhiệm không?

Phương pháp:

Ba thí nghiệm; Study 1 dùng TED Talks và nhóm đối tượng Princeton.

Phát hiện bạn có thể trích:

Ghi chú laptop có nhiều chồng lấp nguyên văn hơn và, trong các nghiên cứu gốc, điểm khái niệm kém hơn.

Tác giả / năm:

Urry et al. 2021 (khóa ngắn; bản ghi Crossref liệt kê 88 tác giả — lưu DOI, không đoán danh sách tác giả)

Tựa chính thức:

Don't Ditch the Laptop Just Yet: A Direct Replication of Mueller and Oppenheimer’s (2014) Study 1 Plus Mini Meta-Analyses Across Similar Studies

Câu hỏi:

Một bản sao trực tiếp đã đăng ký trước của Study 1 vẫn tìm thấy hình phạt laptop chứ?

Phương pháp:

Laptop n = 74, viết tay n = 68; TED Talk; bài kiểm tra sau một phân tâm ngắn và không thời gian ôn; cộng phân tích tổng hợp nhỏ của tám nghiên cứu tương tự.

Phát hiện bạn có thể trích:

Nhiều từ hơn và nhiều chồng lấp nguyên văn hơn trên laptop, nhưng không lợi thế điểm bài kiểm tra cho viết tay. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620965541; Psychological Science, 32(3), 326–339.

Annotations added to notes will automatically include links back to the PDF page as well as citations that you can later add to a Word, LibreOffice, or Google Docs document with one of the word processor plugins.

In three studies, we found that students who took notes on laptops performed worse on conceptual questions than students who took notes longhand.

We show that whereas taking more notes can be beneficial, laptop note takers’ tendency to transcribe lectures verbatim rather than processing information and reframing it in their own words is detrimental to learning.

As in the original study, laptop participants took notes containing more words spoken verbatim by the lecturer and more words overall than did longhand participants. However, laptop participants did not perform better than longhand participants on the quiz.

Overall, results do not support the idea that longhand note taking improves immediate learning via better encoding of information.

Bibliographic header as UNC printed it

James Leoni, trans. Ten Books on Architecture by Leone Battista Alberti. London: Alec Tirani, Ltd., 1955.

Chapter heading as UNC printed it

BOOK I, CHAPTER X: “Of the Columns and Walls, and Some Observations Relating to the Columns”

p. 14 note as UNC printed it

(p. 14) Alberti begins by talking about walls, and then says a row of columns is simply “a Wall open and discontinued in several Places;” he says the column supports the roof, and that columns are the most beautiful of the architectural elements; here, he’ll address what columns have in common, and later he’ll discuss their differences.

Trích dẫn: Tác giả. Năm. Nhan đề. Ấn phẩm chứa. DOI hoặc URL.

Đọc như: PDF tạp chí / preprint / sách / lưu trữ.

SUM: Một câu, cú pháp của bạn, vẫn là luận điểm của nguồn.

Dòng Q:

• "Đúng lời" (p. #)
• Vì sao cách diễn đạt này, không phải diễn giải

Dòng PARA:

• Luận điểm diễn đạt lại (p. #)
• Đã đối chiếu bản gốc: không còn cụm từ thừa

MINE: Liên quan, phản đối, hoặc liên kết tới khóa ngắn khác.

Thẻ: Chủ đề, chương, hoặc câu hỏi nghiên cứu — không thay trích dẫn.