如何做日后能用来引用的研究笔记

先写引用：

Mueller, P. A., & Oppenheimer, D. M. (2014). The pen is mightier than the keyboard: Advantages of longhand over laptop note taking. Psychological Science, 25(6), 1159–1168. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614524581

Q（直接引用）：

原样复制措辞，放在引号里，并带上页码或其他定位信息。不要整理作者的标点。

PARA（改写）：

合上 PDF，用你自己的句法重述一个主张，再打开核对：你没有留下作者的短语。

SUM（摘要）：

用一两句话概括整篇文章或整章。仍然要引用。摘要不是常识。

MINE（你的想法）：

把你的反应写进方括号或换一种颜色，以免它被粘进草稿，看起来像来源说的。

The best way to make sure you don't plagiarize due to confusion or carelessness is to 1) understand what you're doing when you write a paper and 2) follow a method that is systematic and careful as you do your research. In other words, if you have a clear sense of what question you're trying to answer and what knowledge you're building on, and if you keep careful, clear notes along the way, it's much easier to use sources effectively and responsibly and, most of all, to write a successful paper.

If you cut and paste from an electronic document into your notes and forget to clearly label the document in your notes, or if you draw information from a series of websites without taking careful notes, you may end up taking credit for ideas that aren't yours, whether you mean to or not.

Any quotations, however small, must be placed in quotation marks or clearly indented beyond the regular margin.

The student is responsible for taking adequate notes so that debts of phrasing may be acknowledged where they are due.

Plagiarism is presenting another person’s ideas, words, or entire work as your own.

Paraphrasing someone’s ideas or arguments or copying someone’s unique wording without giving proper credit is plagiarism.

It’s even possible to plagiarize yourself. In published work, if you reuse ideas or phrases that you used in prior work and do not cite your prior work, you have plagiarized.

Taking careful notes is simply the best way to avoid plagiarism.

Make careful distinctions between direct quotations and your paraphrasing! This is critical if you want to be sure to avoid accidentally plagiarizing someone else’s work.

Record full citations for each source. Don’t get lazy here! It will be far more difficult to find the proper citation later than to write it down now.

When you want to paraphrase material, it's a good idea first to paste the actual quotation into your notes (not directly into your draft) and then to paraphrase it (still in your notes). Putting the information in your own words will help you make sure that you've thought about what the source is saying and that you have a good reason for using it in your paper. Remember to use some form of notation in your notes to indicate what you've paraphrased and mention the author's name within the material you paraphrase. You should also include all citation information in your notes.

Don't save your citations for later

Never paraphrase or quote from a source without immediately adding a citation. You should add citations in your notes, in your response papers, in your drafts, and in your revisions. Without them, it's too easy to lose track of where you got a quotation or an idea and to end up inadvertently taking credit for material that's not your own.

Quotations must be identical to the original, using a narrow segment of the source. They must match the source document word for word and must be attributed to the original author.

Paraphrasing involves putting a passage from source material into your own words. A paraphrase must also be attributed to the original source. Paraphrased material is usually shorter than the original passage, taking a somewhat broader segment of the source and condensing it slightly.

Summarizing involves putting the main idea(s) into your own words, including only the main point(s). Once again, it is necessary to attribute summarized ideas to the original source. Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and take a broad overview of the source material.

If you use an author’s specific word or words, you must place those words within quotation marks and you must credit the source.

Look away from the source then write. Read the text you want to paraphrase several times until you feel that you understand it and can use your own words to restate it to someone else. Then, look away from the original and rewrite the text in your own words.

保存为父记录：

Mueller, P. A., & Oppenheimer, D. M. (2014). The pen is mightier than the keyboard: Advantages of longhand over laptop note taking. Psychological Science, 25(6), 1159–1168. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614524581

之后每张卡片上的短键：

Mueller & Oppenheimer 2014

留在同一张卡片上的勘误：

Psychological Science 后来发表了本文勘误 (2018), 29(9), 1565–1568, https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797618781773。不要编造勘误改了什么；若你需要的数字在表里，打开该 DOI。

不要编造的内容：

第二作者、2015 年，或虚构页码。若 PDF 里看不到第 1160 页，就先写 PDF 页和节标题，直到你能确认期刊页码。

Reread the original passage until you understand its full meaning.

Set the original aside, and write your paraphrase on a note card.

Jot down a few words below your paraphrase to remind you later how you envision using this material. At the top of the note card, write a key word or phrase to indicate the subject of your paraphrase.

Check your rendition with the original to make sure that your version accurately expresses all the essential information in a new form.

Use quotation marks to identify any unique term or phraseology you have borrowed exactly from the source.

Record the source (including the page) on your note card so that you can credit it easily if you decide to incorporate the material into your paper.

The original passage

Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers . 2nd ed., 1976, pp. 46-47.

A legitimate paraphrase

In research papers, students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester 46-47).

An acceptable summary

Students should take just a few notes in direct quotation from sources to help minimize the amount of quoted material in a research paper (Lester 46-47).

A plagiarized version (Purdue's label)

Students often use too many direct quotations when they take notes, resulting in too many of them in the final research paper. In fact, probably only about 10% of the final copy should consist of directly quoted material. So it is important to limit the amount of source material copied while taking notes.

If you are tempted to borrow the author’s language, write your notes with the book closed to ensure that you are putting the ideas into your own words. If you’ve already taken a step away from the author’s words in your notes, you’ll find it easier to use your own words in the paper you write.

Q, abstract / p. 1159:

"In three studies, we found that students who took notes on laptops performed worse on conceptual questions than students who took notes longhand."

PARA，同一段落：

三项实验中，笔记本笔记在概念应用题上的答案弱于手写笔记。

MINE:

把这当作 2014 年的主张，而不是已定的课堂政策。在我告诉研讨班禁止笔记本之前，先核对 Urry et al. 2021。若其机制成立，问题是逐字重叠，不是机器。

Don't write down too much

Your essay must be an expression of your own thinking, not a patchwork of borrowed ideas.

Your note cards or note sheets will record only ideas that are relevant to your focus on the topic; and they will mostly summarize rather than quote.

Don't depend on underlining and highlighting. Find your own words for notes in the margin (or on "sticky" notes).

Label your notes intelligently

Leave lots of space in your notes for comments of your own—questions and reactions as you read, second thoughts and cross-references when you look back at what you've written.

Record

During the lecture, use the note-taking column to record the lecture using telegraphic sentences.

Questions

As soon after class as possible, formulate questions based on the notes in the right-hand column. Writing questions helps to clarify meanings, reveal relationships, establish continuity, and strengthen memory. Also, the writing of questions sets up a perfect stage for exam-studying later.

Review

Spend at least ten minutes every week reviewing all your previous notes. If you do, you’ll retain a great deal for current use, as well as, for the exam.

提示栏（左）：

你的问题、主题标签，或方法 / 发现 / 局限之类的标题。按 Cornell 的要求，在第一遍阅读之后写问题，而不是还在寻找论题时写。

笔记栏（右）：

带定位信息的 Q / PARA / SUM 行。电报体即可。整段逐字复制不是 Cornell 笔记，而是誊本。

摘要（底）：

用你自己的话写两句：来源主张什么，以及它如何回答你的问题。写不出摘要，就说明还没读完。见如何阅读学术论文。

A note is a thought.

• Abbreviated subject heading — 两三个词，供日后排序。
• Complete bibliographic citation — 作者、题名、出版社或期刊、日期和页码；档案则写盒与文件夹。
• Notes on facts, quotations, and arguments — Q / PARA / SUM 行。
• Your interpretation — 语境、意义，以及该来源如何与其他研究对话。

作者 / 年份：

Mueller & Oppenheimer 2014

问题：

即便没有多任务，笔记本记笔记会损害概念学习吗？

方法：

三项实验；Study 1 使用 TED Talk 和 Princeton 被试库。

你可以引用的发现：

笔记本笔记有更多逐字重叠，且在原研究中概念分数更差。

作者 / 年份：

Urry et al. 2021（短键；Crossref 记录列出 88 位作者——保存 DOI，不要猜作者名单）

官方题名：

Don't Ditch the Laptop Just Yet: A Direct Replication of Mueller and Oppenheimer’s (2014) Study 1 Plus Mini Meta-Analyses Across Similar Studies

问题：

对 Study 1 的预注册直接复现是否仍发现笔记本劣势？

方法：

笔记本 n = 74，手写 n = 68；TED Talk；短暂干扰后、无复习时间再测验；外加对八项类似研究的迷你元分析。

你可以引用的发现：

笔记本上词数更多、逐字重叠更多，但手写没有测验成绩优势。https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620965541; Psychological Science, 32(3), 326–339.

Annotations added to notes will automatically include links back to the PDF page as well as citations that you can later add to a Word, LibreOffice, or Google Docs document with one of the word processor plugins.

In three studies, we found that students who took notes on laptops performed worse on conceptual questions than students who took notes longhand.

We show that whereas taking more notes can be beneficial, laptop note takers’ tendency to transcribe lectures verbatim rather than processing information and reframing it in their own words is detrimental to learning.

As in the original study, laptop participants took notes containing more words spoken verbatim by the lecturer and more words overall than did longhand participants. However, laptop participants did not perform better than longhand participants on the quiz.

Overall, results do not support the idea that longhand note taking improves immediate learning via better encoding of information.

Bibliographic header as UNC printed it

James Leoni, trans. Ten Books on Architecture by Leone Battista Alberti. London: Alec Tirani, Ltd., 1955.

Chapter heading as UNC printed it

BOOK I, CHAPTER X: “Of the Columns and Walls, and Some Observations Relating to the Columns”

p. 14 note as UNC printed it

(p. 14) Alberti begins by talking about walls, and then says a row of columns is simply “a Wall open and discontinued in several Places;” he says the column supports the roof, and that columns are the most beautiful of the architectural elements; here, he’ll address what columns have in common, and later he’ll discuss their differences.

Cite: 作者。年份。题名。容器。DOI 或 URL。

Read as: 期刊 PDF / 预印本 / 书 / 档案。

SUM: 一句，你的句法，仍是来源主张。

Q 行：

• "原话" (p. #)
• 为何用这句措辞，而不是改写

PARA 行：

• 重述的主张 (p. #)
• 已对照原文：没有残留短语

MINE: 相关性、反驳，或指向另一短键的链接。

Tags: 主题、章节或研究问题——不能代替引用。