كيف تدون ملاحظات بحثية يمكنك الاستشهاد بها لاحقًا

الاستشهاد أولًا:

Mueller, P. A., & Oppenheimer, D. M. (2014). The pen is mightier than the keyboard: Advantages of longhand over laptop note taking. Psychological Science, 25(6), 1159–1168. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614524581

Q (اقتباس):

انسخ الصياغة حرفيًا، بين علامتي اقتباس، مع الصفحة أو محدِّد آخر. لا ترتّب علامات ترقيم المؤلف.

PARA (إعادة صوغ):

أغلق ملف PDF، وأعد صياغة ادعاء واحد بتركيبك، ثم افتحه مجددًا وتأكد أنك لم تحتفظ بعبارات المؤلف.

SUM (تلخيص):

جملة أو جملتان للمقالة أو الفصل كله. استشهد به رغم ذلك. التلخيص ليس معرفة شائعة.

MINE (فكرتك):

ضع ردّك بين قوسين معقوفين أو بلون آخر حتى لا يُلصق في المسودة كأن المصدر قاله.

The best way to make sure you don't plagiarize due to confusion or carelessness is to 1) understand what you're doing when you write a paper and 2) follow a method that is systematic and careful as you do your research. In other words, if you have a clear sense of what question you're trying to answer and what knowledge you're building on, and if you keep careful, clear notes along the way, it's much easier to use sources effectively and responsibly and, most of all, to write a successful paper.

If you cut and paste from an electronic document into your notes and forget to clearly label the document in your notes, or if you draw information from a series of websites without taking careful notes, you may end up taking credit for ideas that aren't yours, whether you mean to or not.

Any quotations, however small, must be placed in quotation marks or clearly indented beyond the regular margin.

The student is responsible for taking adequate notes so that debts of phrasing may be acknowledged where they are due.

Plagiarism is presenting another person’s ideas, words, or entire work as your own.

Paraphrasing someone’s ideas or arguments or copying someone’s unique wording without giving proper credit is plagiarism.

It’s even possible to plagiarize yourself. In published work, if you reuse ideas or phrases that you used in prior work and do not cite your prior work, you have plagiarized.

Taking careful notes is simply the best way to avoid plagiarism.

Make careful distinctions between direct quotations and your paraphrasing! This is critical if you want to be sure to avoid accidentally plagiarizing someone else’s work.

Record full citations for each source. Don’t get lazy here! It will be far more difficult to find the proper citation later than to write it down now.

When you want to paraphrase material, it's a good idea first to paste the actual quotation into your notes (not directly into your draft) and then to paraphrase it (still in your notes). Putting the information in your own words will help you make sure that you've thought about what the source is saying and that you have a good reason for using it in your paper. Remember to use some form of notation in your notes to indicate what you've paraphrased and mention the author's name within the material you paraphrase. You should also include all citation information in your notes.

Don't save your citations for later

Never paraphrase or quote from a source without immediately adding a citation. You should add citations in your notes, in your response papers, in your drafts, and in your revisions. Without them, it's too easy to lose track of where you got a quotation or an idea and to end up inadvertently taking credit for material that's not your own.

Quotations must be identical to the original, using a narrow segment of the source. They must match the source document word for word and must be attributed to the original author.

Paraphrasing involves putting a passage from source material into your own words. A paraphrase must also be attributed to the original source. Paraphrased material is usually shorter than the original passage, taking a somewhat broader segment of the source and condensing it slightly.

Summarizing involves putting the main idea(s) into your own words, including only the main point(s). Once again, it is necessary to attribute summarized ideas to the original source. Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and take a broad overview of the source material.

If you use an author’s specific word or words, you must place those words within quotation marks and you must credit the source.

Look away from the source then write. Read the text you want to paraphrase several times until you feel that you understand it and can use your own words to restate it to someone else. Then, look away from the original and rewrite the text in your own words.

محفوظ بوصفه السجل الأب:

Mueller, P. A., & Oppenheimer, D. M. (2014). The pen is mightier than the keyboard: Advantages of longhand over laptop note taking. Psychological Science, 25(6), 1159–1168. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614524581

مفتاح قصير على كل بطاقة لاحقة:

Mueller & Oppenheimer 2014

تصويب يُبقى على البطاقة نفسها:

نشرت Psychological Science لاحقًا تصويبًا لهذه المقالة (2018)، 29(9)، 1565–1568، https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797618781773. لا تخترع ما غيّره التصويب؛ افتح ذلك DOI إن كان رقم تحتاجه يقع في جدول.

ما لا تخترعه:

مؤلف ثانٍ أو سنة 2015 أو صفحة مختلقة. إن لم يُظهر PDF الصفحة 1160، فاكتب صفحة PDF وعنوان القسم حتى تؤكد ترقيم المجلة.

Reread the original passage until you understand its full meaning.

Set the original aside, and write your paraphrase on a note card.

Jot down a few words below your paraphrase to remind you later how you envision using this material. At the top of the note card, write a key word or phrase to indicate the subject of your paraphrase.

Check your rendition with the original to make sure that your version accurately expresses all the essential information in a new form.

Use quotation marks to identify any unique term or phraseology you have borrowed exactly from the source.

Record the source (including the page) on your note card so that you can credit it easily if you decide to incorporate the material into your paper.

The original passage

Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers . 2nd ed., 1976, pp. 46-47.

A legitimate paraphrase

In research papers, students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester 46-47).

An acceptable summary

Students should take just a few notes in direct quotation from sources to help minimize the amount of quoted material in a research paper (Lester 46-47).

A plagiarized version (Purdue's label)

Students often use too many direct quotations when they take notes, resulting in too many of them in the final research paper. In fact, probably only about 10% of the final copy should consist of directly quoted material. So it is important to limit the amount of source material copied while taking notes.

If you are tempted to borrow the author’s language, write your notes with the book closed to ensure that you are putting the ideas into your own words. If you’ve already taken a step away from the author’s words in your notes, you’ll find it easier to use your own words in the paper you write.

Q، الملخص / ص. 1159:

"In three studies, we found that students who took notes on laptops performed worse on conceptual questions than students who took notes longhand."

PARA، المقطع نفسه:

عبر ثلاث تجارب، أنتجت ملاحظات الحاسوب المحمول إجابات أضعف على بنود التطبيق المفاهيمي مما فعلت الملاحظات اليدوية.

MINE:

استخدم هذا بوصفه ادعاء 2014، لا سياسة صف محسومة. راجع Urry et al. 2021 قبل أن أطلب من ندوة حظر الحواسيب المحمولة. آليتهم، إن ثبتت، هي التداخل الحرفي، لا الآلة.

Don't write down too much

Your essay must be an expression of your own thinking, not a patchwork of borrowed ideas.

Your note cards or note sheets will record only ideas that are relevant to your focus on the topic; and they will mostly summarize rather than quote.

Don't depend on underlining and highlighting. Find your own words for notes in the margin (or on "sticky" notes).

Label your notes intelligently

Leave lots of space in your notes for comments of your own—questions and reactions as you read, second thoughts and cross-references when you look back at what you've written.

Record

During the lecture, use the note-taking column to record the lecture using telegraphic sentences.

Questions

As soon after class as possible, formulate questions based on the notes in the right-hand column. Writing questions helps to clarify meanings, reveal relationships, establish continuity, and strengthen memory. Also, the writing of questions sets up a perfect stage for exam-studying later.

Review

Spend at least ten minutes every week reviewing all your previous notes. If you do, you’ll retain a great deal for current use, as well as, for the exam.

عمود الإشارات (يسار):

سؤالك أو وسم موضوع أو عنوان مثل منهج / نتيجة / حد. اكتب الأسئلة بعد القراءة الأولى، كما يطلب Cornell، لا وأنت ما تزال تبحث عن الأطروحة.

عمود الملاحظات (يمين):

أسطر Q / PARA / SUM مع محدِّدات. الأسلوب البرقي مقبول. نسخ فقرات كاملة حرفيًا ليس ملاحظة Cornell؛ إنه تفريغ.

التلخيص (أسفل):

جملتان بكلماتك: ما يدّعيه المصدر، وكيف يجيب عن سؤالك. إن عجزت عن كتابة التلخيص فما انتهيت من القراءة. انظر كيف تقرأ الأوراق الأكاديمية.

A note is a thought.

• Abbreviated subject heading — كلمتان أو ثلاث للفرز لاحقًا.
• Complete bibliographic citation — المؤلف والعنوان والناشر أو المجلة والتاريخ والصفحات؛ أو الصندوق والمجلد لأرشيف.
• Notes on facts, quotations, and arguments — أسطر Q / PARA / SUM.
• Your interpretation — السياق والأهمية وكيف يخاطب المصدر دراسات أخرى.

المؤلف / السنة:

Mueller & Oppenheimer 2014

السؤال:

هل تؤذي ملاحظات الحاسوب المحمول التعلّم المفاهيمي حتى بلا تعدد مهام؟

المنهج:

ثلاث تجارب؛ استخدمت Study 1 محاضرات TED Talk ومجموعة مشاركين من Princeton.

نتيجة يجوز الاستشهاد بها:

حملت ملاحظات الحاسوب المحمول تداخلًا حرفيًا أكبر، وفي الدراسات الأصلية درجات مفاهيمية أسوأ.

المؤلف / السنة:

Urry et al. 2021 (مفتاح قصير؛ يسرد سجل Crossref 88 مؤلفًا — خزّن DOI، لا قائمة مؤلفين مخمَّنة)

العنوان الرسمي:

Don't Ditch the Laptop Just Yet: A Direct Replication of Mueller and Oppenheimer’s (2014) Study 1 Plus Mini Meta-Analyses Across Similar Studies

السؤال:

هل ما تزال إعادة تجريب مباشرة مسجَّلة مسبقًا لـ Study 1 تجد عقوبة للحاسوب المحمول؟

المنهج:

حاسوب محمول n = 74، خط يد n = 68؛ TED Talk؛ اختبار بعد تشتيت وجيز بلا وقت دراسة؛ مع تحليل تلوي مصغّر لثماني دراسات مشابهة.

نتيجة يجوز الاستشهاد بها:

كلمات أكثر وتداخل حرفي أكبر على الحواسيب المحمولة، لكن لا أفضلية أداء في الاختبار للخط اليدوي. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620965541; Psychological Science, 32(3), 326–339.

Annotations added to notes will automatically include links back to the PDF page as well as citations that you can later add to a Word, LibreOffice, or Google Docs document with one of the word processor plugins.

In three studies, we found that students who took notes on laptops performed worse on conceptual questions than students who took notes longhand.

We show that whereas taking more notes can be beneficial, laptop note takers’ tendency to transcribe lectures verbatim rather than processing information and reframing it in their own words is detrimental to learning.

As in the original study, laptop participants took notes containing more words spoken verbatim by the lecturer and more words overall than did longhand participants. However, laptop participants did not perform better than longhand participants on the quiz.

Overall, results do not support the idea that longhand note taking improves immediate learning via better encoding of information.

Bibliographic header as UNC printed it

James Leoni, trans. Ten Books on Architecture by Leone Battista Alberti. London: Alec Tirani, Ltd., 1955.

Chapter heading as UNC printed it

BOOK I, CHAPTER X: “Of the Columns and Walls, and Some Observations Relating to the Columns”

p. 14 note as UNC printed it

(p. 14) Alberti begins by talking about walls, and then says a row of columns is simply “a Wall open and discontinued in several Places;” he says the column supports the roof, and that columns are the most beautiful of the architectural elements; here, he’ll address what columns have in common, and later he’ll discuss their differences.

Cite: المؤلف. السنة. العنوان. الحاوية. DOI أو URL.

Read as: PDF مجلة / مسودة أولية / كتاب / أرشيف.

SUM: جملة واحدة، تركيبك، ما تزال ادعاء مصدر.

أسطر Q:

• "الكلمات الحرفية" (p. #)
• لماذا هذه الصياغة، لا إعادة صوغ

أسطر PARA:

• ادعاء معاد (p. #)
• رُوجع على الأصل: لا عبارات متبقية

MINE: الصلة أو الاعتراض أو رابط إلى مفتاح قصير آخر.

Tags: موضوع أو فصل أو سؤال بحث — لا بديلًا عن الاستشهاد.