如何用图书馆数据库做学术研究

EBSCO AND（官方示例）

travel AND Europe

EBSCO OR（官方示例）

college OR university

EBSCO NOT（官方示例）

television NOT cable

EBSCO 嵌套（官方示例）

(heart OR lung) AND bypass

EBSCO 字段代码分组（官方示例）

AU (Smith AND Peters NOT Lee)

PubMed（官方转换）

vitamin c common cold

PubMed 机构标签（官方示例）

UCLA[ad]

Harvard HOLLIS 嵌套（官方示例）

("Affordable Care Act" OR Obamacare) AND "birth control"

Searching for information is often nonlinear and iterative, requiring the evaluation of a range of information sources and the mental flexibility to pursue alternate avenues as new understanding develops.

match information needs and search strategies to appropriate search tools

understand how information systems (i.e., collections of recorded information) are organized in order to access relevant information

use different types of searching language (e.g., controlled vocabulary, keywords, natural language) appropriately

AND

AND combines search terms so that each search result contains all of the terms. For example, travel AND Europe finds articles that contain both travel and Europe.

OR

OR combines search terms so that each search result contains at least one of the terms. For example, college OR university finds results that contain either college or university.

NOT

NOT excludes terms so that each search result does not contain any of the terms that follow it. For example, television NOT cable finds results that contain television but not cable.

AND 先于 OR

When executing a search, AND takes precedence over OR.

括号

When you enter (mouse OR rat) AND trap, the search engine retrieves results containing the word mouse or the word rat together with the word trap in the fields searched by default.

括号为何重要

For example, (heart OR lung) AND bypass will return different results than heart OR lung AND bypass.

PubMed applies an AND operator between concepts, e.g., "vitamin c common cold" is translated as vitamin c AND common cold. Enter Boolean operators in uppercase characters to combine or exclude search terms:

AND retrieves results that include all the search terms.

OR retrieves results that include at least one of the search terms.

NOT excludes the retrieval of terms from your search.

PubMed processes searches in a left-to-right sequence. Use parentheses to "nest" concepts that should be processed as a unit and then incorporated into the overall search.

EBSCO / 多数发现层 — 精确短语

"machine learning"

Harvard HOLLIS 精确短语（官方）

"The color purple"

Harvard HOLLIS 截词（官方）

child*

Harvard HOLLIS 单字符通配符（官方）

wom?n

PubMed User Guide, Wildcards and truncation

To create a wildcard search in PubMed, use an asterisk (*) to substitute for 0 or more characters in a term or phrase.

PubMed 最短词干

Terms must begin with at least 4 characters before the first wildcard: colo*

Harvard Library, Using Search Operators

HOLLIS will only recognize Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) that are in ALL CAPS.

EBSCO uses two-character abbreviations for field codes such as SU-Subject, AU-Author, or TI- Article_Title.

When entering searches in the search box, use lowercase for search terms. Use uppercase only for field codes and Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT).

官方分组示例

AU (Smith AND Peters NOT Lee)

MeSH(Medical Subject Headings) is the NLM controlled vocabulary thesaurus used for indexing PubMed citations.

Use the MeSH database to find MeSH terms, including Subheadings, Publication Types, Supplementary Concepts and Pharmacological Actions, and then build a PubMed search.

机构字段标签

You can search for a term in a specific field by including a search field tag after the term; for example, UCLA[ad] will search for the term “UCLA” in the affiliation field only.

• Peer reviewed / Scholarly。 用于研究论文作业。在 PDF 上确认文献类型。若图书馆授权了 Ulrichsweb，用它核对期刊。见同行评议。
• Full text。 方便但不完整。它会藏起解析器或馆际互借仍能补齐的仅题录记录。
• Date。 用于会过期的主张（2024 年药物试验、上季度市场）。不要给历史论文或方法经典加五年上限。
• Source type。 学术期刊对杂志、报纸、学位论文、报告。时事论文需要新闻库和学术分析。
• Language。 限定到你能读的语言。不要假定英语就是全部文献。
• Subject。 先看清数据库实际标了哪些主题词，再用。

Database information is seldom provided in reference list entries.

Do not include database information for works obtained from most academic research databases or platforms because works in these resources are widely available.

Likewise, do not include URLs from these academic research databases in reference list entries because these URLs will not resolve for readers.

If a widely available work (e.g., journal article, book, book chapter) from an academic research database does not have a DOI, treat the work as a print version.

Provide the name of the database or archive when it publishes original, proprietary works available only in that database or archive (e.g., UpToDate or the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews).

If the URL is session-specific (meaning it will not resolve for readers), provide the URL of the database home page or login page instead.

普通研究数据库中的期刊（Hallion et al., 2019）

Hallion, M., Taylor, A., Roberts, R., & Ashe, M. (2019). Exploring the association between physical activity participation and self-compassion in middle-aged adults. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 8(3), 305–316. https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000150

专有数据库（Stein & Taylor, 2019）

Stein, M. B., & Taylor, C. T. (2019). Approach to treating social anxiety disorder in adults. UpToDate. Retrieved September 13, 2019, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/approach-to-treating-social-anxiety-disorder-in-adults

流通有限的学位论文（Risto, 2014）

Risto, A. (2014). The impact of social media and texting on students' academic writing skills (Publication No. 3683242) [Doctoral dissertation, Tennessee State University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

ERIC 专著（Riegelman & Albertine, 2008）

Riegelman, R. K., & Albertine, S. (2008). Recommendations for undergraduate public health education (ED504790). ERIC. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED504790.pdf

MLA Style Center, Citations by Format — Journal Article in a Database

Goldman, Anne. “Questions of Transport: Reading Primo Levi Reading Dante.” The Georgia Review, vol. 64, no. 1, spring 2010, pp. 69-88. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/41403188.

MLA Style Center, Databases as containers（2022年1月24日）

MLA style encourages writers to document the facts they observe.

官方 EBSCOhost 容器示例

Corral, Eduardo C. “Watermark.” New England Review, vol. 30, no. 4, fall 2009, pp. 24–25. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com.

Goldman, A. (2010). Questions of transport: Reading Primo Levi reading Dante. The Georgia Review, 64(1), 69–88.

For articles consulted online, include a URL (preferably one based on a DOI; see CMOS 13.7); alternatively, list the name of the database.

同一页，在线查阅的图书

To cite a book consulted online, include either a URL or the name of the database.

Notes-Bibliography 参考文献

Goldman, Anne. "Questions of Transport: Reading Primo Levi Reading Dante." The Georgia Review 64, no. 1 (Spring 2010): 69–88. JSTOR.