学术资料与大众资料：如何区分

• 学术。 专家写给专家。摘要、方法或论证，以及长参考文献表。常常经过同行评审。康奈尔学术页签（2026 年 3 月 10 日）点名 Applied Geography、Archives of Sexual Behavior、JAMA、Journal of Marriage and the Family、Journal of Theoretical Biology 与 Modern Fiction Studies。Find Articles 的重述（2025 年 10 月 28 日）现在仍同时列出 American Economic Review。
• 新闻／一般兴趣。 记者或职员作者告知受过教育的公众。有署名、有编辑标准，几乎没有正式引文。康奈尔的例子包括 The New York Times、The Economist、National Geographic、Scientific American 与 Vital Speeches of the Day。
• 大众。 为娱乐、销售或推广观点而写的杂志与网站。光面版式、短文，几乎从无书目。康奈尔点名 Parents、People Weekly、Readers Digest 与 Vogue。伯克利补上 People、USA Today、Wikipedia 与 CNN.com。
• 行业／专业。 从业者写给其他从业者。行业新闻、产品评测、招聘。Harvard Business Review、Education Week、Nursing Times。
• 耸动／小报。 煽动性标题，没有新闻伦理，事实不可靠。康奈尔耸动页签现在点名 Globe、National Enquirer、Star 与 Weekly World News。Find Articles 在同一格里仍列 National Examiner——引用你实际打开的那一页。

这是学术的：

有具名所属机构的研究者写给其他专家。我能指出摘要或论证、方法或证据部分，以及一份真正的参考文献表。我为发现或解释而引用它，不为公众最初如何听说这条新闻而引用。

这是新闻或大众的：

记者、职员作者或杂志写给普通读者。我为报道、公共语言或事件落地的那一周而引用——若我的主张关乎方法或结果，我会打开底下的研究。

这是行业的：

从业者或行业记者写给已经在岗的人。我为现行做法、工具或职场语言而引用，不把它当作经审稿实验的替代品。

Information Creation as a Process

Information in any format is produced to convey a message and is shared via a selected delivery method. The iterative processes of researching, creating, revising, and disseminating information vary, and the resulting product reflects these differences.

知识实践

assess the fit between an information product’s creation process and a particular information need

是适配，不是声望

Both scholarly and popular sources can be appropriate for your research purposes, depending on your research question, but research assignments will often require you to consult primarily with scholarly materials.

学术

Scholarly or peer-reviewed journal articles are written by scholars or professionals who are experts in their fields. In the sciences and social sciences, they often publish research results.

新闻与一般兴趣

Substantive news articles are reliable sources of information on events and issues of public concern.

大众

Popular articles reflect the tastes of the general public and are often meant as entertainment.

耸动与小报

Sensational and tabloid articles intend to arouse strong curiosity, interest, or reaction. They do not follow the standards of journalistic ethics. They are not factually accurate.

学术

concerned with academic study, especially research

学术（第二义）

exhibiting the methods and attitudes of a scholar

学术（第三义）

having the manner and appearance of a scholar

实质性

having a solid base, being substantial

大众

fit for, or reflecting the taste and intelligence of, the people at large

耸动

arousing or intending to arouse strong curiosity, interest or reaction

Cornell University Library

Keeping these definitions in mind, and realizing that none of the lines drawn between types of journals can ever be totally clear cut, lists of more specific descriptive criteria follow on the next pages.

同行评审／经审稿

Strictly speaking, peer-reviewed (also called refereed) journals refer only to those scholarly journals that submit articles to several other scholars, experts, or academics (peers) in the field for review and comment. These reviewers must agree that the article represents properly conducted original research or writing before it can be published.

目的

The main purpose of a scholarly journal is to report on original research or experimentation in order to make such information available to the rest of the scholarly world.

看什么

Scholarly journal articles often have an abstract, a descriptive summary of the article contents, before the main text of the article.

外观

Scholarly journals generally have a sober, serious look. They often contain many graphs and charts but few glossy pages or exciting pictures.

引文

Scholarly journals almost always cite their sources in the form of footnotes or a bibliography. These bibliographies are generally lengthy and cite other scholarly writings.

所属机构

Articles are written by a scholar in the field or by someone who has done research in the field. The affiliations of the authors are listed, usually at the bottom of the first page or at the end of the article--universities, research institutions, think tanks, and the like.

语言

The language of scholarly journals is that of the discipline covered. It often assumes some technical background on the part of the reader.

同行评审

A peer reviewed or peer refereed journal or article is one in which a group of widely acknowledged experts in a field reviews the content for scholarly soundness and academic value.

• 首页或文末有机构所属的具名作者
• 写明问题、方法与发现的摘要
• Methods、Results、Discussion 一类节标题，或在人文学科中是有文献依据的论证，而不是新闻导语
• 作者自己制作的数据表或图，不是图库照片
• 长到足以让读者重建主张的参考文献表
• 出版者是大学出版社、学会或学术品牌
• 可在 https://doi.org/ 打开的 DOI 或 handle

实例：

The SPRINT Research Group. "A Randomized Trial of Intensive versus Standard Blood-Pressure Control." N Engl J Med 2015;373:2103-16. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1511939.

• 它是什么。 一项随机、对照、开放标签试验，在无糖尿病的成人中比较收缩压目标低于 120 mm Hg 与低于 140 mm Hg。
• 谁写的。 The SPRINT Research Group。PubMed 记录与 PMC 全文都描述了这项工作。NHLBI SPRINT 研究页是官方年表。
• 可核对的事实。 2010 年 11 月至 2013 年 3 月，在包括波多黎各在内的美国 102 个临床点入组 9,361 人。ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01206062。文章报告干预提前停止后的主要结果（随访中位数 3.26 年）。
• 为何是学术的。 原创方法、主要结局、不良事件表，以及读者能打开的 DOI。这是你为试验发现了什么而引用的来源。

目的

The main purpose of popular periodicals is to entertain the reader, to sell products (their own or their advertisers), or to promote a viewpoint.

引文

These publications do not cite sources in a bibliography. Information published in popular periodicals is often second or third hand and the original source is rarely mentioned.

• 职员作者、自由撰稿人或名人署名，而不是实验室所属
• 为被点击而写的标题，不是为陈述方法结果
• 短段落、拉引与照片
• 与文章同一版式的广告
• 没有参考文献表，或只有几处非正式的「据研究者称」
• 其他刊名是杂志而非期刊的商业出版者

出版者自己的措辞

publishing the national magazine, Psychology Today.

目的

The main purpose of periodicals in this category is to provide information, in a general manner, to a broad audience of concerned citizens.

问责

Substantive news sources are accountable for the accuracy of their reporting and use recognized journalistic standards.

语言

The language of these publications is geared to any educated audience. There is no specialty assumed, only interest and a certain level of intelligence.

实例：

Gina Kolata, "Lower Blood Pressure Guidelines Could Be 'Lifesaving,' Federal Study Says," New York Times, September 11, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/12/health/blood-pressure-study.html.

• 它是什么。 健康版新闻报道，宣布联邦官员将提前一年多结束 SPRINT 血压试验。
• 何时刊出。 2015 年 9 月 11 日——几乎比 2015 年 11 月 9 日的 NEJM 文章早两个月。新闻报道当时还无法把读者指向方法论文。
• 它能支持什么。 公众反应、官员如何描述结果，以及试验提前停止这一事实。Kolata 报道心脏病发作、心力衰竭与中风大约减少三分之一；那是关于简报的新闻，不是试验表格。
• 它不能替代什么。 入组人数、纳入标准、不良事件或已发表的风险比。那些要打开 NEJM 文章（或其 PubMed 记录）。

定义

Trade Literature refers to journals, websites, newsletters and other sources aimed at professionals in a particular field.

典型内容

These sources will often report news and trends in the field, reviews of products related to the industry at hand, interviews with leaders in the field, as well as job listings and advertisements.

1998 年文章、1995 年著作、五种成分

Psychologist and author Daniel Goleman first brought the term "emotional intelligence" to a wide audience with his 1995 book of the same name, and Goleman first applied the concept to business with this 1998 classic HBR article. In his research at nearly 200 large, global companies, Goleman found that truly effective leaders are distinguished by a high degree of emotional intelligence.

商店仍点名的五种成分

The chief components of emotional intelligence-self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, and social skill-can sound unbusinesslike, but Goleman, cochair of the Consortium for Research on Emotional Intelligence in Organizations, based at Rutgers University, found direct ties between emotional intelligence and measurable business results.

语言与目的

Sensational and tabloid publications use elementary, inflammatory language meant to arouse curiosity, cater to popular superstitions, increase sales, and promote the publisher's political agenda.

假新闻作为在线版本

The recent spate of fake news reporting is a recent, online version of this type of publication.

收录范围与停刊

1969 to 2025. Ceased in 2025.

该年刊曾是什么

An annotated listing by subject of over 6,000 periodicals.

经审稿

As used in the Ulrich's knowledgebase, the term refereed is applied to a journal that has been peer-reviewed.

徽章从何而来

The Ulrich's editorial team assigns the "refereed" status to a journal that is designated by its publisher as a refereed or peer-reviewed journal.

何时把期刊视为足以使用的可信对象

Complete the checklist and submit your manuscript only if you can answer 'yes' to most or all of the questions above.

官方核对表标题（保持英文）：

• Do you or your colleagues know the journal?
• Can you easily identify and contact the publisher?
• Is the journal clear about the type of peer review it uses?
• Are articles indexed and/or archived in dedicated services?
• Is it clear what fees will be charged?
• Are guidelines provided for authors on the publisher website?
• Is the publisher a current member of a recognized industry initiative?