言い換えにページ番号は必要か?

APA 7、最小形（著作全体または短い出典）:

(Author, Year)

APA 7、特定の箇所には推奨:

(Author, Year, p. 12) or (Author, Year, pp. 12–14)

APA 7、引用（ページ必須）:

"Quoted words" (Author, Year, p. 12).

MLA 9、ページのある箇所:

(Author 12) or (Author 12–14)

Chicago 18 最初の注:

1. Author First Last, Title of Book (Publisher, Year), 12.

Chicago 18 短縮注:

2. Last, Short Title, 12–14.

Chicago 18 author-date:

(Author Year, 12)

APA Style、「Paraphrases」（2026年10月6日閲覧）:

Although it is not required to provide a page or paragraph number in the citation, you may include one (in addition to the author and year) when it would help interested readers locate the relevant passage within a long or complex work (e.g., a book).

APA Style、「Quotations」:

For a direct quotation, always include a full citation (parenthetical or narrative) in the same sentence as the quotation, including the page number (or other location information, e.g., paragraph number).

MLA Style Center、「In-Text Citations: An Overview」（2021年4月1日）:

When relevant, an in-text citation also has a second component: if a specific part of a work is quoted or paraphrased and the work includes a page number, line number, time stamp, or other way to point readers to the place in the work where the information can be found, that location marker must be included in parentheses.

Webster-Stratton (2016) described a case example of a 4-year-old girl who showed an insecure attachment to her mother; in working with the family dyad, the therapist focused on increasing the mother’s empathy for her child (pp. 152–153).

この例が示すこと:

この文は言い換えであり、引用ではありません。それでも APA は、事例が本の2ページにわたるため pp. 152–153 を示します。それが §8.23 の任意の所在表示です。

著作全体の言い換え（ページなし）。Common Reference Examples、2026年3月3日:

Levenson, H., Jinich, S., Vaz, A., & Rousmaniere, T. (2025). Deliberate practice in emotionally focused couple therapy. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000436-000

著作全体の引用:

本の要約では著者と年だけを使います (Levenson et al., 2025)。

直接引用（ページ必須）。APA Style 「Quotations」:

Effective teams can be difficult to describe because “high performance along one domain does not translate to high performance along another” (Ervin et al., 2018, p. 470).

Ervin et al. の文献（確認済み論文。引用は APA Style の表記どおり）:

Ervin, J. N., Kahn, J. M., Cohen, T. R., & Weingart, L. R. (2018). Teamwork in the intensive care unit. American Psychologist, 73(4), 468–477. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000247

A paraphrase may continue for several sentences. In such cases, cite the work being paraphrased on first mention. Once the work has been cited, it is not necessary to repeat the citation as long as the context of the writing makes it clear that the same work continues to be paraphrased.

If the paraphrase continues into a new paragraph, reintroduce the citation. If the paraphrase incorporates multiple sources or switches among sources, repeat the citation so the source is clear.

Velez et al. (2018) found that for women of color, sexism and racism in the workplace were associated with poor work and mental health outcomes, including job-related burnout, turnover intentions, and psychological distress. However, self-esteem, person–organization fit, and perceived organizational support mediated these effects. Additionally, stronger womanist attitudes—which acknowledge the unique challenges faced by women of color in a sexist and racist society—weakened the association of workplace discrimination with psychological distress. These findings underscore the importance of considering multiple forms of workplace discrimination in clinical practice and research with women of color, along with efforts to challenge and reduce such discrimination.

Velez et al. の文献（PubMed 29543474）:

Velez, B. L., Cox, R., Jr., Polihronakis, C. J., & Moradi, B. (2018). Discrimination, work outcomes, and mental health among women of color: The protective role of womanist attitudes. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 65(2), 178–193. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000274

この例が示すこと:

4文、冒頭の叙述引用が1つ、ページなし。論文が短いので、APA の公式見本はこの知見を著作全体の言い換えとして扱っています。

著作引用文献:

Baron, Naomi S. “Redefining Reading: The Impact of Digital Communication Media.” PMLA, vol. 128, no. 1, Jan. 2013, pp. 193–200.

著作全体への言及（ページなし）。公式の本文中引用:

Naomi Baron broke new ground on the subject.

著作全体への言及（ページなし）。公式の括弧内引用:

At least one researcher has broken new ground on the subject (Baron).

特定ページの引用。公式:

According to Naomi Baron, reading is “just half of literacy. The other half is writing” (194).

同じ引用、著者を括弧内に。公式:

Reading is “just half of literacy. The other half is writing” (Baron 194).

同じ公式文の言い換え（ページは依然として必須）:

Baron treats writing as the other half of literacy, not a leftover skill (194).

Baron はリテラシーを一つの技能ではなく二つの技能として扱う。読むことは仕事の半分にすぎず、書くことが残りの半分である (194).

型の文（Yu の筋を捏造しない）:

[ここに箇所の言い換えを書く。]¹

最初の注。公式:

1. Charles Yu, Interior Chinatown (Pantheon Books, 2020), 45.

最初の注、共著者2人、公式の範囲短縮:

2. Amy J. Binder and Jeffrey L. Kidder, The Channels of Student Activism: How the Left and Right Are Winning (and Losing) in Campus Politics Today (University of Chicago Press, 2022), 117–18.

短縮注。公式:

3. Yu, Interior Chinatown, 48.

短縮注、共著者2人。公式:

4. Binder and Kidder, Channels of Student Activism, 125.

書誌。公式:

Yu, Charles. Interior Chinatown. Pantheon Books, 2020.

書誌。公式:

Binder, Amy J., and Jeffrey L. Kidder. The Channels of Student Activism: How the Left and Right Are Winning (and Losing) in Campus Politics Today. University of Chicago Press, 2022.

本全体の注（ページなし）。公式の論集の例:

1. P. J. M. Marks and Stephen Parkin, eds., The Book by Design: The Remarkable Story of the World’s Greatest Invention (University of Chicago Press, 2023).

特定のページ。公式:

(Yu 2020, 45)

公式の範囲（2番目の数字を短縮）:

(Binder and Kidder 2022, 117–18)

学術論文、公式の範囲:

(Kwon 2022, 1842–43)

論集全体、ページなし。公式:

(Marks and Parkin 2023)

Kwon の文献リスト。公式:

Kwon, Hyeyoung. 2022. “Inclusion Work: Children of Immigrants Claiming Membership in Everyday Life.” American Journal of Sociology 127 (6): 1818–59. https://doi.org/10.1086/720277.

For downloadable ebook formats, name the format; if no fixed page numbers are available, cite a section title or a chapter or other number in the note (or simply omit).

注。公式:

1. Arundhati Roy, The God of Small Things (Random House, 2008), chap. 6, Kindle.

author-date。公式:

(Roy 2008, chap. 6)

• すべての直接引用に、三つのスタイルすべてでページまたは別の所在表示がある。
• ページのある出典からの MLA の言い換えにはすべてページがある。
• 特定の箇所の Chicago の注はすべて、著作の範囲ではなくその箇所のページで終わる。
• 長い著作の特定の箇所の APA の言い換えにはページがあり、著作全体の言い換えにはない。
• 範囲は二分ダッシュと、そのスタイルの正しい短縮規則を使う。
• ページのない出典は、印刷物のページではなく、スタイルが認める所在表示を使う。
• 長い言い換えは冒頭で引用し、出典が変わるところでもう一度引用する。