ページ番号のない出典の引用方法

APA 7 §8.23、言い換え（Publication Manual p. 269）:

Although it is not required to provide a page or paragraph number in the citation for a paraphrase, you may include one in addition to the author and year when it would help interested readers locate the relevant passage within a long or complex work

APA 7 §8.25、引用（p. 270）:

If the work does not have page numbers, provide another way for the reader to locate the quotation

APA 7、段落のテンプレート:

(Author, year, para. 4)

APA 7、見出し＋段落のテンプレート:

(Author, year, Heading section, para. 2)

APA 7、視聴覚のテンプレート:

(Author, year, 4:32)

MLA Handbook、ページ番号のない出典:

When a source has no page numbers or any other kind of part number, no number should be given in a parenthetical citation

MLA 9、番号のないウェブページ:

(Author) — or no parentheses if the author is already in the sentence

MLA 9、出典自身が段落に番号を振っている場合:

(Author, par. 12)

MLA 9、動画またはポッドキャスト:

(Author 00:04:32–00:04:50)

CMOS 18 Quick Guide、固定ページのない電子書籍:

For downloadable ebook formats, name the format; if no fixed page numbers are available, cite a section title or a chapter or other number in the note (or simply omit).

Chicago 18 注のテンプレート:

1. Author, Title (Publisher, Year), chap. 3, Kindle.

Chicago 18 author-date のテンプレート:

(Author Year, chap. 3) or (Author Year, 4:32)

To directly quote from written material that does not contain page numbers (e.g., webpages and websites, some ebooks), provide readers with another way of locating the quoted passage.

Any of the following approaches is acceptable; use the approach that will best help readers find the quotation:

公式の引用文:

For people with osteoarthritis, "painful joints should be moved through a full range of motion every day to maintain flexibility and to slow deterioration of cartilage" (Gecht-Silver & Duncombe, 2015, Osteoarthritis section).

括弧内の所在表示のみ:

(Gecht-Silver & Duncombe, 2015, Osteoarthritis section)

元の見出しについての公式注:

In the next example, the original heading was "What Can You Do to Prevent Kidney Failure?" and the items are quoted separately because they originally appeared as part of a bulleted list.

公式の引用文:

To prevent kidney failure, patients should "get active," "quit smoking," and "take medications as directed" (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017, "What Can You Do" section).

公式の引用文:

People planning for retirement need more than just money—they also "need to stockpile their emotional reserves" to ensure adequate support from family and friends (Chamberlin, 2014, para. 1).

参考文献（APA自身のChamberlin項目のAPA 7形式）:

Chamberlin, J. (2014, January). Retiring minds want to know. Monitor on Psychology, 45(1). https://www.apa.org/monitor/2014/01/retiring-minds

括弧内:

(Chamberlin, 2014, para. 1)

文中叙述:

Chamberlin (2014, para. 1)

公式の引用文:

Music and language are intertwined in the brain such that "people who are better at rhythmic memory skills tend to excel at language skills as well" (DeAngelis, 2018, Musical Forays section, para. 4).

参考文献（公開中のMonitor URL、2018年7月/8月）:

DeAngelis, T. (2018, July/August). Lab work: Tuning in to our amazing auditory system. Monitor on Psychology, 49(7). https://www.apa.org/monitor/2018/07-08/auditory-system

括弧内:

(DeAngelis, 2018, Musical Forays section, para. 4)

Do not include Kindle location numbers with in-text citations.

Instead, provide the page number (which is available in many Kindle books, especially those based on print editions) or use the methods described in this section to create a page number alternative.

書いてはいけない例:

(Author, year, loc. 1247)

章と段落のテンプレート:

(Author, year, Chapter 3, para. 6)

To directly quote from an audiovisual work (e.g., audiobook, YouTube video, TED Talk, TV show), provide a time stamp for the beginning of the quotation in place of a page number.

公式の引用文:

People make "sweeping inferences and judgments from body language" (Cuddy, 2012, 2:12).

参考文献（Common Reference Examples のTED形式）:

Cuddy, A. (2012, June). Your body language may shape who you are [Video]. TED Conferences. https://www.ted.com/talks/amy_cuddy_your_body_language_may_shape_who_you_are

公式の聖書引用:

The person vowed to "set me as a seal upon thine heart" (King James Bible, 1769/2017, Song of Solomon 8:6).

公式の戯曲引用:

In Much Ado About Nothing, Don John said, "In the meantime/ let me be that I am and seek not to alter me" (Shakespeare, 1623/1995, 1.3.36-37).

公式のHandbookの文:

When a source has no page numbers or any other kind of part number, no number should be given in a parenthetical citation

公式のStyle Center引用:

“As we read we . . . construct the terrain of a book” (Hollmichel), something that is more difficult when the text reflows on a screen.

公式のStyle Center、著者がすでに文中にある場合:

Stefanie Hollmichel remarks that “[a]s we read we . . . construct the terrain of a book,” something that is more difficult when the text reflows on a screen.

公式の著作引用（Style Centerの説明）:

Hollmichel, Stefanie. “The Reading Brain: Differences between Digital and Print.” So Many Books, 25 Apr. 2013, somanybooksblog.com/2013/04/25/the-readingbrain-differences-between-digital-and-print/.

書いてはいけない例:

(Hollmichel par. 4) or (Hollmichel n. pag.)

番号付き段落:

(Author, par. 12)

番号付き節:

(Author, sec. 3)

番号付き章:

(Author, ch. 3)

著者が文中にある場合:

The author argues the point (par. 12).

公式のStyle Centerの推奨:

The MLA recommends making your citations useful to your reader. A time stamp could help your reader locate the scene in a movie, video, or television show that you are discussing, so you might want to include that information.

Handbook / Style Center の範囲形式:

("Moving Day" 00:26:17–00:26:52)

For downloadable ebook formats, name the format; if no fixed page numbers are available, cite a section title or a chapter or other number in the note (or simply omit).

公式の注:

1. Arundhati Roy, The God of Small Things (Random House, 2008), chap. 6, Kindle.

公式の短縮注:

5. Roy, God of Small Things, chap. 7.

公式の参考文献:

Roy, Arundhati. The God of Small Things. Random House, 2008. Kindle.

公式のQuick Guide注（ページなし、捏造したpara.なし）:

1. “Privacy Policy,” Privacy & Terms, Google, effective November 15, https://policies.google.com/privacy.

公式の参考文献:

Google. “Privacy Policy.” Privacy & Terms. Effective November 15, 2023. https://policies.google.com/privacy.

見出し所在表示のテンプレート（公式のGoogle行ではない）:

1. Author, "Title of Page," Site, Month Day, Year, under "Heading," https://xxxxx.

数えた段落のテンプレート（公式のGoogle行ではない）:

2. Author, "Title of Page," para. 4.

公式の短縮注:

1. Cowan, “Green Hydrogen,” at 6:09–17.

参考文献リスト（Quick Guideの参考文献、年を移動）:

Roy, Arundhati. 2008. The God of Small Things. Random House. Kindle.

本文中、公式の章所在表示:

(Roy 2008, chap. 6)

本文中、見出しのテンプレート:

(Author 2023, under "Heading")

本文中、動画の時点:

(Cowan 2022, 6:09)

• PDF、電子書籍、またはトランスクリプトが元の印刷ページ付けを残しているかを確認した。残していれば、そのページを引用した。
• これは所在表示が必要な引用、または密着した言い換えだと確認した。著作全体の要約には不要である。
• APA: para.、見出し、見出し＋para.、または開始のタイムスタンプを与え、Kindleのロケーションは使っていない。
• MLA: 出典自身が段落、節、章に番号を振っていない限り所在表示を与えず、par.、sec.、ch. の前にコンマを使った。
• Chicago: chap.、under "Heading"、para.、または時点を与え、電子書籍の項目の末尾に Kindle または別の形式を記した。
• タイムスタンプはスタイルに合わせた。APAは開始点、MLAは hh:mm:ss の範囲、Chicagoの注は at と時点。
• 段落は画面の先頭からではなく、記事の先頭または名指しした見出しから数えた。
• 印刷物からページを捏造せず、n. pag. とも書いていない。