APA、MLA、シカゴでPDFを引用する方法

APA 7、DOIのある学術雑誌——PDFラベルなし（Grady et al., 2019）:

Grady, J. S., Her, M., Moreno, G., Perez, C., & Yelinek, J. (2019). Emotions in storybooks: A comparison of storybooks that represent ethnic and racial groups in the United States. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 8(3), 207–217. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000185

APA 7、URLそのものがPDFの報告書（Winthrop et al., 2019; Common Reference Examples、2026年3月3日）:

Winthrop, R., Ziegler, L., Handa, R., & Fakoya, F. (2019). How playful learning can help leapfrog progress in education. Center for Universal Education at Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/how_playful_learning_can_help_leapfrog_progress_in_education.pdf

MLA 9、ウェブサイト上の著作、任意の形式注（テンプレート）:

著者. 作品のタイトル. 出版社, 年. ウェブサイト, URL. PDF download.

MLA 9、ファイルへの直接リンク（テンプレート）:

著者. 作品のタイトル. 出版社, 年, URL.

Chicago 18書誌、DOIのある学術雑誌PDF（Kwon, 2022）:

Kwon, Hyeyoung. "Inclusion Work: Children of Immigrants Claiming Membership in Everyday Life." American Journal of Sociology 127, no. 6 (2022): 1818–59. https://doi.org/10.1086/720277.

Chicago 18注、ダウンロード可能な電子書籍（テンプレート）:

1. 名 姓, 書籍のタイトル (出版社, 年), chap. 3, PDF.

APA 7括弧内引用:

(Grady et al., 2019, p. 210)

Reference formats are based on the document type (e.g., journal article, report), not the retrieval method (e.g., online, in print).

Even if you retrieved a work online, determine what type of document it is. Only cite a work as a webpage or website if no other category fits.

How you access an online work will affect how you document it.

At the end of the entry, you might include “PDF download” in the optional-element slot to make clear to the reader that the URL does not take you directly to an html version of the report.

To cite a book consulted online, include either a URL or the name of the database. For downloadable ebook formats, name the format; if no fixed page numbers are available, cite a section title or a chapter or other number in the note (or simply omit).

Chicago 18注、形式を名指し（Roy, Kindle）:

1. Arundhati Roy, The God of Small Things (Random House, 2008), chap. 6, Kindle.

Chicago 18書誌:

Roy, Arundhati. The God of Small Things. Random House, 2008. Kindle.

Chicago 18 Author-Date参考文献（同じ本）:

Roy, Arundhati. 2008. The God of Small Things. Random House. Kindle.

Chicago 18 Author-Date本文中:

(Roy 2008, chap. 6)

ダウンロードしたファイルがPDFなら同じスロット（テンプレート。実在の本ではない）:

1. 名 姓, 書籍のタイトル (出版社, 年), chap. 6, PDF.

6. Kurland and Lerner, Founder s’ Constitution, chap. 4, doc. 29.

折り返しのない読みやすい短縮注（二番目の公式文字列ではない）:

6. Kurland and Lerner, Founders’ Constitution, chap. 4, doc. 29.

APA 7、DOI、PDFラベルなし（Grady et al., 2019）:

Grady, J. S., Her, M., Moreno, G., Perez, C., & Yelinek, J. (2019). Emotions in storybooks: A comparison of storybooks that represent ethnic and racial groups in the United States. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 8(3), 207–217. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000185

APA 7括弧内:

(Grady et al., 2019)

APA 7、公開PDF URL、巻なし（Lipscomb, 2021）:

Lipscomb, A. Y. (2021, Winter). Addressing trauma in the college essay writing process. The Journal of College Admission, (249), 30–33. https://www.catholiccollegesonline.org/pdf/national_ccaa_in_the_news_-_nacac_journal_of_college_admission_winter_2021.pdf

Chicago 18注（Kwon, 2022）:

1. Hyeyoung Kwon, "Inclusion Work: Children of Immigrants Claiming Membership in Everyday Life," American Journal of Sociology 127, no. 6 (2022): 1842–43, https://doi.org/10.1086/720277.

Chicago 18書誌:

Kwon, Hyeyoung. "Inclusion Work: Children of Immigrants Claiming Membership in Everyday Life." American Journal of Sociology 127, no. 6 (2022): 1818–59. https://doi.org/10.1086/720277.

Chicago 18 Author-Date参考文献（同じ論文）:

Kwon, Hyeyoung. 2022. "Inclusion Work: Children of Immigrants Claiming Membership in Everyday Life." American Journal of Sociology 127 (6): 1818–59. https://doi.org/10.1086/720277.

Chicago 18 Author-Date本文中:

(Kwon 2022, 1842–43)

Chicago 18注、ページ範囲の代わりの論文ID（Snyder et al., 2025）:

7. Carl D. Snyder et al., "Extant Life Detection Using Label-Free Video Microscopy in Analog Aquatic Environments," PLOS ONE 20, no. 3 (2025): 9–10, e0318239, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0318239.

Chicago 18書誌（Snyder et al., 2025）:

Snyder, Carl D., Manuel Bedrossian, Casey Barr, et al. "Extant Life Detection Using Label-Free Video Microscopy in Analog Aquatic Environments." PLOS ONE 20, no. 3 (2025): e0318239. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0318239.

APA 7参考文献（National Cancer Institute, 2019）:

National Cancer Institute. (2019). Taking time: Support for people with cancer (NIH Publication No. 18-2059). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/takingtime.pdf

APA 7括弧内:

(National Cancer Institute, 2019)

APA 7叙述:

National Cancer Institute (2019)

APA 7、個人著者の報告書でURLが.pdf（Winthrop et al., 2019）:

Winthrop, R., Ziegler, L., Handa, R., & Fakoya, F. (2019). How playful learning can help leapfrog progress in education. Center for Universal Education at Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/how_playful_learning_can_help_leapfrog_progress_in_education.pdf

APA 7、団体著者の報告書でURLが.pdfパスではない（WHO, 2025; 公式Common Reference Examples文字列）:

World Health Organization. (2025). Global report on neglected tropical diseases. https://iris.who.int/server/api/core/bitstreams/9c4655d8-3671-4503-ae51-4a80bb44d5e0/content

APA Styleによる自らのPDFハンドアウトの自己引用:

American Psychological Association. (2022). Creating an APA Style reference list guide. https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/creating-reference-list.pdf

Chicago 18注（Kurland and Lerner）:

2. Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds., The Founders’ Constitution (University of Chicago Press, 1987), chap. 10, doc. 19, https://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.

Chicago 18書誌:

Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders’ Constitution. University of Chicago Press, 1987. https://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.

Chicago 18 Author-Date参考文献（同じ著作）:

Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. 1987. The Founders’ Constitution. University of Chicago Press. https://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.

Chicago 18注（Melville, 1851）:

4. Herman Melville, Moby-Dick; or, The Whale (New York, 1851), 627, https://melville.electroniclibrary.org/moby-dick-side-by-side.

Chicago 18書誌:

Melville, Herman. Moby-Dick; or, The Whale. New York, 1851. https://melville.electroniclibrary.org/moby-dick-side-by-side.

Chicago 18 Author-Date参考文献（Melville）:

Melville, Herman. 1851. Moby-Dick; or, The Whale. New York. https://melville.electroniclibrary.org/moby-dick-side-by-side.

Let’s say, however, you link to a PDF directly from a bibliography or an e-mail sent by a teacher or colleague. In that case, it is usually sufficient to provide the URL that leads to the PDF as the location of the work and to omit a second container:

Works cited、MLAウェブサイト経由（Style Center; leftover-MLA-task-force-landing-404）:

Executive summary. Report of the Task Force on Doctoral Study in Modern Language and Literature, Modern Language Association of America, 2014. Modern Language Association, 2017, www.mla.org/Resources/Research/Surveys-Reports-and-Other-Documents/Staffing-Salaries-and-Other-Professional-Issues/Report-of-the-Task-Force-on-Doctoral-Study-in-Modern-Language-and-Literature-2014. PDF download.

Works cited、直接のファイルURL、読みやすい形（折り返しのないStyle Center経路）:

Executive summary. Report of the Task Force on Doctoral Study in Modern Language and Literature, Modern Language Association of America, 2014, www.mla.org/content/download/25438/1164362/execsumtaskforcedocstudy.pdf.

Executive summary. Report of the Task Force on Doctoral Study in Modern Language and Literature, Modern Language Association of America, 2014, www.mla.org/content/download/25438/1164362/ execsumtaskforcedocstudy.pdf.

If the journal article does not have a DOI and is from an academic research database, end the reference after the page range (for an explanation of why, see the database information page). The reference in this case is the same as for a print journal article.

Do not include database information in the reference unless the journal article comes from a database that publishes works of limited circulation or original, proprietary content, such as UpToDate.

For works without DOIs from most academic research databases, do not include a URL or database information in the reference because these works are widely available.

DOIのある公式APAデータベース情報例（Hallion et al., 2019）:

Hallion, M., Taylor, A., Roberts, R., & Ashe, M. (2019). Exploring the association between physical activity participation and self-compassion in middle-aged adults. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 8(3), 305–316. https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000150

Chicago 18注:

2. B. T. Hebert, "The Island of Bolsö: A Study of Norwegian Life," Sociological Review 17, no. 4 (1925): 310, EBSCOhost.

Chicago 18書誌:

Hebert, B. T. "The Island of Bolsö: A Study of Norwegian Life." Sociological Review 17, no. 4 (1925): 307–13. EBSCOhost.

Chicago 18 Author-Date参考文献:

Hebert, B. T. 1925. "The Island of Bolsö: A Study of Norwegian Life." Sociological Review 17 (4): 307–13. EBSCOhost.

Do not include both a DOI and a URL in a reference entry. If a work has both a DOI and a URL, include only the DOI.

Do not add a period after the DOI or URL.

For articles consulted online, include a URL (preferably one based on a DOI; see CMOS 13.7); alternatively, list the name of the database.

APA 7、URLがPDFのインフォグラフィック（Common Reference Examples §10.14）:

American Psychological Association. (n.d.). Data sharing [Infographic]. https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/data-sharing-infographic.pdf

APA 7プレスリリース——括弧はジャンルを名指しし、ファイルではない（Common Reference Examples §10.4）:

American Psychological Association. (2024, April 11). People who use willpower alone to achieve goals, resist temptation, deemed more trustworthy [Press release]. https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2024/04/people-who-use-willpower

APA 7プレプリント（Latimier, Peyre, and Ramus, 2020; leftover-psyarxiv-now-osf）:

Latimier, A., Peyre, H., & Ramus, F. (2020). A meta-analytic review of the benefit of spacing out retrieval practice episodes on retention. PsyArXiv. https://psyarxiv.com/kzy7u/

後の公式誌——論文を読んだならこちらを引用（Latimier et al., 2021）:

Latimier, A., Peyre, H., & Ramus, F. (2021). A meta-analytic review of the benefit of spacing out retrieval practice episodes on retention. Educational Psychology Review, 33(3), 959–987. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-020-09572-8

2025年Form 1040 PDFから作成（leftover-Form-1040-still-2025）。公式Style Center見本ではない:

Internal Revenue Service. (2025). Form 1040: U.S. individual income tax return. U.S. Department of the Treasury. https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/f1040.pdf

APA 7未刊行原稿テンプレート:

著者, A. A. (年). 原稿のタイトル [Unpublished manuscript]. 学部名, 大学名.