APA, MLA, 시카고로 PDF 인용하는 법

APA 7, DOI가 있는 학술지 — PDF 라벨 없음(Grady et al., 2019):

Grady, J. S., Her, M., Moreno, G., Perez, C., & Yelinek, J. (2019). Emotions in storybooks: A comparison of storybooks that represent ethnic and racial groups in the United States. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 8(3), 207–217. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000185

APA 7, URL이 PDF인 보고서(Winthrop et al., 2019; Common Reference Examples, 2026년 3월 3일):

Winthrop, R., Ziegler, L., Handa, R., & Fakoya, F. (2019). How playful learning can help leapfrog progress in education. Center for Universal Education at Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/how_playful_learning_can_help_leapfrog_progress_in_education.pdf

MLA 9, 웹사이트의 저작, 선택 형식 주(템플릿):

저자. 작품의 제목. 출판사, 연도. 웹사이트, URL. PDF download.

MLA 9, 파일로 가는 직접 링크(템플릿):

저자. 작품의 제목. 출판사, 연도, URL.

Chicago 18 참고문헌, DOI가 있는 학술지 PDF(Kwon, 2022):

Kwon, Hyeyoung. "Inclusion Work: Children of Immigrants Claiming Membership in Everyday Life." American Journal of Sociology 127, no. 6 (2022): 1818–59. https://doi.org/10.1086/720277.

Chicago 18 주, 내려받을 수 있는 전자책(템플릿):

1. 이름 성, 책의 제목 (출판사, 연도), chap. 3, PDF.

APA 7 괄호 인용:

(Grady et al., 2019, p. 210)

Reference formats are based on the document type (e.g., journal article, report), not the retrieval method (e.g., online, in print).

Even if you retrieved a work online, determine what type of document it is. Only cite a work as a webpage or website if no other category fits.

How you access an online work will affect how you document it.

At the end of the entry, you might include “PDF download” in the optional-element slot to make clear to the reader that the URL does not take you directly to an html version of the report.

To cite a book consulted online, include either a URL or the name of the database. For downloadable ebook formats, name the format; if no fixed page numbers are available, cite a section title or a chapter or other number in the note (or simply omit).

Chicago 18 주, 이름 붙인 형식(Roy, Kindle):

1. Arundhati Roy, The God of Small Things (Random House, 2008), chap. 6, Kindle.

Chicago 18 참고문헌:

Roy, Arundhati. The God of Small Things. Random House, 2008. Kindle.

내려받은 파일이 PDF일 때 같은 칸(템플릿, 실제 책이 아님):

1. 이름 성, 책의 제목 (출판사, 연도), chap. 6, PDF.

APA 7, DOI, PDF 라벨 없음(Grady et al., 2019):

Grady, J. S., Her, M., Moreno, G., Perez, C., & Yelinek, J. (2019). Emotions in storybooks: A comparison of storybooks that represent ethnic and racial groups in the United States. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 8(3), 207–217. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000185

APA 7 괄호:

(Grady et al., 2019)

APA 7, 공개 PDF URL, 권 없음(Lipscomb, 2021):

Lipscomb, A. Y. (2021, Winter). Addressing trauma in the college essay writing process. The Journal of College Admission, (249), 30–33. https://www.catholiccollegesonline.org/pdf/national_ccaa_in_the_news_-_nacac_journal_of_college_admission_winter_2021.pdf

Chicago 18 주(Kwon, 2022):

1. Hyeyoung Kwon, "Inclusion Work: Children of Immigrants Claiming Membership in Everyday Life," American Journal of Sociology 127, no. 6 (2022): 1842–43, https://doi.org/10.1086/720277.

Chicago 18 참고문헌:

Kwon, Hyeyoung. "Inclusion Work: Children of Immigrants Claiming Membership in Everyday Life." American Journal of Sociology 127, no. 6 (2022): 1818–59. https://doi.org/10.1086/720277.

Chicago 18 Author-Date 참고문헌(같은 논문):

Kwon, Hyeyoung. 2022. "Inclusion Work: Children of Immigrants Claiming Membership in Everyday Life." American Journal of Sociology 127 (6): 1818–59. https://doi.org/10.1086/720277.

Chicago 18 Author-Date 본문:

(Kwon 2022, 1842–43)

APA 7 참고문헌(National Cancer Institute, 2019):

National Cancer Institute. (2019). Taking time: Support for people with cancer (NIH Publication No. 18-2059). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/takingtime.pdf

APA 7 괄호:

(National Cancer Institute, 2019)

APA 7 서술:

National Cancer Institute (2019)

APA 7, .pdf URL이 있는 개인 저자 보고서(Winthrop et al., 2019):

Winthrop, R., Ziegler, L., Handa, R., & Fakoya, F. (2019). How playful learning can help leapfrog progress in education. Center for Universal Education at Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/how_playful_learning_can_help_leapfrog_progress_in_education.pdf

APA 7, URL이 .pdf 경로가 아닌 단체 저자 보고서(WHO, 2025):

World Health Organization. (2025). Global report on neglected tropical diseases. https://iris.who.int/server/api/core/bitstreams/9c4655d8-3671-4503-ae51-4a80bb44d5e0/content

APA Style이 자체 PDF 유인물을 자기 인용한 예:

American Psychological Association. (2022). Creating an APA Style reference list guide. https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/creating-reference-list.pdf

Chicago 18 주(Kurland and Lerner):

2. Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds., The Founders’ Constitution (University of Chicago Press, 1987), chap. 10, doc. 19, https://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.

Chicago 18 참고문헌:

Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders’ Constitution. University of Chicago Press, 1987. https://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.

Chicago 18 주(Melville, 1851):

4. Herman Melville, Moby-Dick; or, The Whale (New York, 1851), 627, https://melville.electroniclibrary.org/moby-dick-side-by-side.

Chicago 18 참고문헌:

Melville, Herman. Moby-Dick; or, The Whale. New York, 1851. https://melville.electroniclibrary.org/moby-dick-side-by-side.

Let’s say, however, you link to a PDF directly from a bibliography or an e-mail sent by a teacher or colleague. In that case, it is usually sufficient to provide the URL that leads to the PDF as the location of the work and to omit a second container:

Works Cited, MLA 웹사이트 경유(Style Center):

Executive summary. Report of the Task Force on Doctoral Study in Modern Language and Literature, Modern Language Association of America, 2014. Modern Language Association, 2017, www.mla.org/Resources/Research/Surveys-Reports-and-Other-Documents/Staffing-Salaries-and-Other-Professional-Issues/Report-of-the-Task-Force-on-Doctoral-Study-in-Modern-Language-and-Literature-2014. PDF download.

Works Cited, 직접 파일 URL(Style Center):

Executive summary. Report of the Task Force on Doctoral Study in Modern Language and Literature, Modern Language Association of America, 2014, www.mla.org/content/download/25438/1164362/execsumtaskforcedocstudy.pdf.

If the journal article does not have a DOI and is from an academic research database, end the reference after the page range (for an explanation of why, see the database information page). The reference in this case is the same as for a print journal article.

Do not include database information in the reference unless the journal article comes from a database that publishes works of limited circulation or original, proprietary content, such as UpToDate.

For works without DOIs from most academic research databases, do not include a URL or database information in the reference because these works are widely available.

Chicago 18 주:

2. B. T. Hebert, "The Island of Bolsö: A Study of Norwegian Life," Sociological Review 17, no. 4 (1925): 310, EBSCOhost.

Chicago 18 참고문헌:

Hebert, B. T. "The Island of Bolsö: A Study of Norwegian Life." Sociological Review 17, no. 4 (1925): 307–13. EBSCOhost.

Chicago 18 Author-Date 참고문헌:

Hebert, B. T. 1925. "The Island of Bolsö: A Study of Norwegian Life." Sociological Review 17 (4): 307–13. EBSCOhost.

Do not include both a DOI and a URL in a reference entry. If a work has both a DOI and a URL, include only the DOI.

Do not add a period after the DOI or URL.

For articles consulted online, include a URL (preferably one based on a DOI; see CMOS 13.7); alternatively, list the name of the database.

APA 7, URL이 PDF인 인포그래픽(Common Reference Examples §10.14):

American Psychological Association. (n.d.). Data sharing [Infographic]. https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/data-sharing-infographic.pdf

APA 7 보도자료 — 대괄호는 파일이 아니라 장르를 가리킴(Common Reference Examples §10.4):

American Psychological Association. (2024, April 11). People who use willpower alone to achieve goals, resist temptation, deemed more trustworthy [Press release]. https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2024/04/people-who-use-willpower

APA 7 프리프린트(Latimier, Peyre, and Ramus, 2020):

Latimier, A., Peyre, H., & Ramus, F. (2020). A meta-analytic review of the benefit of spacing out retrieval practice episodes on retention. PsyArXiv. https://psyarxiv.com/kzy7u/

2025년 Form 1040 PDF에서 작업한 예, 공식 Style Center 표본이 아님:

Internal Revenue Service. (2025). Form 1040: U.S. individual income tax return. U.S. Department of the Treasury. https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/f1040.pdf

APA 7 미간행 원고 템플릿:

저자, A. A. (연도). 원고의 제목 [Unpublished manuscript]. 학과명, 대학명.