一つの引用に複数の出典を入れる方法

APA 7 括弧内（アルファベット順）:

(Author A, Year; Author B & Author C, Year; Author D et al., Year)

APA 7、同一著者、複数年:

(Author, n.d., 2019, 2021, in press)

APA 7、一つの著作を強調:

(Author A, Year; see also Author B, Year; Author C, Year)

MLA 9 括弧内:

(Author A Page; Author B and Author C Page; Author D et al. Page)

MLA 9、同一著者の二つの著作:

(Author, Short Title Page; Author, "Short Title" Page)

Chicago 18 注:

1. First Last, Title of Book (Publisher, Year), Page; First Last, "Title of Article," Journal Volume, no. Issue (Year): Page.

Chicago 18 author-date:

(Author A Year, Page; Author B and Author C Year, Page)

When citing multiple works parenthetically, place the citations in alphabetical order, separating them with semicolons.

Arrange two or more works by the same authors by year of publication. Place citations with no date first. Then, order works with dates in chronological order. Place in-press citations last. Give the authors’ surnames once; for each subsequent work, give only the date.

To highlight the work(s) most directly relevant to your point in a given sentence, place those citations first within parentheses in alphabetical order and then insert a semicolon and a phrase, such as “see also,” before the first of the remaining citations, which should also be in alphabetical order.

If multiple sources are cited within the narrative of a sentence, they can appear in any order.

(Adams et al., 2019; Shumway & Shulman, 2015; Westinghouse, 2017)

こう書かない:

(Westinghouse, 2017; Adams et al., 2019; Shumway & Shulman, 2015) — それは読んだ順であり、参考文献リストの順ではない

こう書かない:

(Adams et al., 2019, Shumway & Shulman, 2015, Westinghouse, 2017) — コンマでは著作を区切れない

Niepel, C., Hausen, J. E., Weber, A. M., & Möller, J. (2025). Understanding mean-level and intraindividual variability in state academic self-concept: The role of students’ trait expectancies and values. Journal of Educational Psychology, 117(5), 772–788. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000946

この一つの著作の括弧内:

(Niepel et al., 2025)

別の実際の著作とまとめる（テンプレート）:

(Levenson, 2012; Niepel et al., 2025)

(Department of Veterans Affairs, n.d., 2017a, 2017b, 2019)

Zhou (n.d., 2000, 2016, in press)

こう書かない:

(Zhou, n.d.; Zhou, 2000; Zhou, 2016; Zhou, in press) — 姓は一度だけ書く

異なる著者表記は別のまま（テンプレート）:

(Zhou, 2016; Zhou & Ortiz, 2019)

(Sampson & Hughes, 2020; see also Augustine, 2017; Melara et al., 2018; Pérez, 2014)

完全な概観ではなく例（テンプレート）:

(e.g., Adams et al., 2019; Westinghouse, 2017)

Suliman (2018), Gutiérrez (2012, 2017), and Medina and Reyes (2019) examined

Kapoor, Bloom, Montez, et al. (2017)

Kapoor, Bloom, Zucker, et al. (2017)

まとめた形:

(Kapoor, Bloom, Montez, et al., 2017; Kapoor, Bloom, Zucker, et al., 2017)

When you cite more than one source parenthetically, the order of those sources (alphabetic, by importance, by date) is up to you.

Starting in the 1960s, several French philosophers began challenging the traditional concept of the author (Foucault; Barthes).

Starting in the 1960s, several French philosophers began challenging the traditional concept of the author (Barthes; Foucault).

Barthes, Roland. “The Death of the Author.” Image, Music, Text, translated by Stephen Heath, Hill and Wang, 1977, pp. 142–48.

Foucault, Michel. “What Is an Author?” Aesthetics, Method, and Epistemology, edited by James D. Faubion, translated by Robert Hurley et al., New Press, 1998, pp. 205–22. Vol. 2 of Essential Works of Foucault, 1954–1984.

Klein, Lauren F. “Dimensions of Scale: Invisible Labor, Editorial Work, and the Future of Quantitative Literary Studies.” PMLA, vol. 135, no. 1, Jan. 2020, pp. 23–39.

Liu, Alan. “The Meaning of Digital Humanities.” PMLA, vol. 128, no. 2, Mar. 2013, pp. 409–23.

Liu, Alan. “Toward a Diversity Stack: Digital Humanities and Diversity as Technical Problem.” PMLA, vol. 135, no. 1, Jan. 2020, pp. 130–51.

In 2013 Alan Liu observed that the digital humanities was “vigorously forming an identity” (“Meaning” 409); by 2020 that identity was fully formed, and Liu was able to turn to the matter of how the field might contribute to “a humanities vision of diversity” (“Toward a Diversity Stack” 130).

(Liu 130; Klein 23)

(Liu, “Toward a Diversity Stack” 130; Klein 23)

こう書かない（リストにLiuの項目が二つあるとき）:

(Liu 130; Klein 23) — 氏名Liuはもはや一つの項目を指さない

こう書かない:

(Liu; Klein) — クイズは、引用されたページ付き論文にページがないものを誤りとする

In MLA style, bibliographic notes are best used only when you need to cite several sources or make evaluative comments on your sources.

1. For strong points of view on different aspects of the issue, see Public Agenda Foundation 1-10 and Sakala 151-88.

2. For a sampling of materials that reflect the range of experiences related to recent technological changes, see Taylor A1; Moulthrop, pars. 39-53; Armstrong et al. 80-82; Craner 308-11; and Fukuyama 42.

When a single note needs to cite multiple sources, the sources are usually separated in the note by semicolons.

Some styles allow for more than one note reference at a time, like this. But in Chicago style, you should use only one note reference at a time, like this.

The number of note references in a sentence or a paragraph can sometimes be reduced by grouping several citations in a single note. The citations are separated by semicolons and must appear in the same order as the text material (whether works, quotations, or whatever) to which they pertain. Take care to avoid any ambiguity as to what is documenting what.

Note that a place of publication is no longer required in book citations (see CMOS 14.30).

1. Charles Yu, Interior Chinatown (Pantheon Books, 2020), 45.

2. Amy J. Binder and Jeffrey L. Kidder, The Channels of Student Activism: How the Left and Right Are Winning (and Losing) in Campus Politics Today (University of Chicago Press, 2022), 117–18.

3. Yu, Interior Chinatown, 48.

4. Binder and Kidder, Channels of Student Activism, 125.

Yu, Charles. Interior Chinatown. Pantheon Books, 2020.

Binder, Amy J., and Jeffrey L. Kidder. The Channels of Student Activism: How the Left and Right Are Winning (and Losing) in Campus Politics Today. University of Chicago Press, 2022.

本文中:

キャンパス小説とキャンパス政治は、同じ制度的な声に繰り返し戻ってくる。¹

初出の注、公式出典二つ:

1. Charles Yu, Interior Chinatown (Pantheon Books, 2020), 45; Amy J. Binder and Jeffrey L. Kidder, The Channels of Student Activism: How the Left and Right Are Winning (and Losing) in Campus Politics Today (University of Chicago Press, 2022), 117–18.

後の注、公式の短縮形:

5. Yu, Interior Chinatown, 48; Binder and Kidder, Channels of Student Activism, 125.

導入句付き（Q&Aの型）:

6. See Yu, Interior Chinatown, 45. For a different perspective, see Binder and Kidder, Channels of Student Activism, 117–18.

1. Hyeyoung Kwon, “Inclusion Work: Children of Immigrants Claiming Membership in Everyday Life,” American Journal of Sociology 127, no. 6 (2022): 1842–43, https://doi.org/10.1086/720277.

2. Emily L. Dittmar and Douglas W. Schemske, “Temporal Variation in Selection Influences Microgeographic Local Adaptation,” American Naturalist 202, no. 4 (2023): 480, https://doi.org/10.1086/725865.

7. Carl D. Snyder et al., “Extant Life Detection Using Label-Free Video Microscopy in Analog Aquatic Environments,” PLOS ONE 20, no. 3 (2025): 9–10, e0318239, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0318239.

まとめた注（文と同じ順）:

8. Kwon, “Inclusion Work,” 1842–43; Dittmar and Schemske, “Temporal Variation,” 480; Snyder et al., “Extant Life Detection,” 9–10.

(Binder and Kidder 2022, 117–18)

(Yu 2020, 45)

(Kwon 2022, 1842–43)

(Dittmar and Schemske 2023, 480)

(Snyder et al. 2025, 9–10)

まとめた形、アルファベット順:

(Binder and Kidder 2022, 117–18; Yu 2020, 45)

まとめた形、雑誌標本三つ:

(Dittmar and Schemske 2023, 480; Kwon 2022, 1842–43; Snyder et al. 2025, 9–10)

こう書かない（Chicago引用にAPAの句読点）:

(Yu, 2020, 45; Binder and Kidder, 2022, 117–18)