하나의 인용에 여러 출처를 넣는 방법

APA 7 괄호(알파벳순):

(Author A, Year; Author B & Author C, Year; Author D et al., Year)

APA 7, 같은 저자, 여러 해:

(Author, n.d., 2019, 2021, in press)

APA 7, 한 저작을 강조:

(Author A, Year; see also Author B, Year; Author C, Year)

MLA 9 괄호:

(Author A Page; Author B and Author C Page; Author D et al. Page)

MLA 9, 한 저자의 저작 두 편:

(Author, Short Title Page; Author, "Short Title" Page)

Chicago 18 주:

1. First Last, Title of Book (Publisher, Year), Page; First Last, "Title of Article," Journal Volume, no. Issue (Year): Page.

Chicago 18 author-date:

(Author A Year, Page; Author B and Author C Year, Page)

When citing multiple works parenthetically, place the citations in alphabetical order, separating them with semicolons.

Arrange two or more works by the same authors by year of publication. Place citations with no date first. Then, order works with dates in chronological order. Place in-press citations last. Give the authors’ surnames once; for each subsequent work, give only the date.

To highlight the work(s) most directly relevant to your point in a given sentence, place those citations first within parentheses in alphabetical order and then insert a semicolon and a phrase, such as “see also,” before the first of the remaining citations, which should also be in alphabetical order.

If multiple sources are cited within the narrative of a sentence, they can appear in any order.

(Adams et al., 2019; Shumway & Shulman, 2015; Westinghouse, 2017)

이렇게 쓰지 말 것:

(Westinghouse, 2017; Adams et al., 2019; Shumway & Shulman, 2015) — 읽은 순서이지 참고문헌 목록 순서가 아니다

이렇게 쓰지 말 것:

(Adams et al., 2019, Shumway & Shulman, 2015, Westinghouse, 2017) — 쉼표로는 저작을 나눌 수 없다

Niepel, C., Hausen, J. E., Weber, A. M., & Möller, J. (2025). Understanding mean-level and intraindividual variability in state academic self-concept: The role of students’ trait expectancies and values. Journal of Educational Psychology, 117(5), 772–788. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000946

이 한 저작의 괄호:

(Niepel et al., 2025)

다른 실제 저작과 묶기(템플릿):

(Levenson, 2012; Niepel et al., 2025)

(Department of Veterans Affairs, n.d., 2017a, 2017b, 2019)

Zhou (n.d., 2000, 2016, in press)

이렇게 쓰지 말 것:

(Zhou, n.d.; Zhou, 2000; Zhou, 2016; Zhou, in press) — 성은 한 번만 쓴다

다른 저자 표기는 따로 남김(템플릿):

(Zhou, 2016; Zhou & Ortiz, 2019)

(Sampson & Hughes, 2020; see also Augustine, 2017; Melara et al., 2018; Pérez, 2014)

전수 조사가 아니라 예(템플릿):

(e.g., Adams et al., 2019; Westinghouse, 2017)

Suliman (2018), Gutiérrez (2012, 2017), and Medina and Reyes (2019) examined

Kapoor, Bloom, Montez, et al. (2017)

Kapoor, Bloom, Zucker, et al. (2017)

묶은 형태:

(Kapoor, Bloom, Montez, et al., 2017; Kapoor, Bloom, Zucker, et al., 2017)

When you cite more than one source parenthetically, the order of those sources (alphabetic, by importance, by date) is up to you.

Starting in the 1960s, several French philosophers began challenging the traditional concept of the author (Foucault; Barthes).

Starting in the 1960s, several French philosophers began challenging the traditional concept of the author (Barthes; Foucault).

Barthes, Roland. “The Death of the Author.” Image, Music, Text, translated by Stephen Heath, Hill and Wang, 1977, pp. 142–48.

Foucault, Michel. “What Is an Author?” Aesthetics, Method, and Epistemology, edited by James D. Faubion, translated by Robert Hurley et al., New Press, 1998, pp. 205–22. Vol. 2 of Essential Works of Foucault, 1954–1984.

Klein, Lauren F. “Dimensions of Scale: Invisible Labor, Editorial Work, and the Future of Quantitative Literary Studies.” PMLA, vol. 135, no. 1, Jan. 2020, pp. 23–39.

Liu, Alan. “The Meaning of Digital Humanities.” PMLA, vol. 128, no. 2, Mar. 2013, pp. 409–23.

Liu, Alan. “Toward a Diversity Stack: Digital Humanities and Diversity as Technical Problem.” PMLA, vol. 135, no. 1, Jan. 2020, pp. 130–51.

In 2013 Alan Liu observed that the digital humanities was “vigorously forming an identity” (“Meaning” 409); by 2020 that identity was fully formed, and Liu was able to turn to the matter of how the field might contribute to “a humanities vision of diversity” (“Toward a Diversity Stack” 130).

(Liu 130; Klein 23)

(Liu, “Toward a Diversity Stack” 130; Klein 23)

이렇게 쓰지 말 것(목록에 Liu 항목이 둘일 때):

(Liu 130; Klein 23) — 이름 Liu는 더 이상 항목 하나를 가리키지 않는다

이렇게 쓰지 말 것:

(Liu; Klein) — 퀴즈는 인용되고 쪽이 있는 논문을 쪽 없이 쓰면 오답으로 본다

In MLA style, bibliographic notes are best used only when you need to cite several sources or make evaluative comments on your sources.

1. For strong points of view on different aspects of the issue, see Public Agenda Foundation 1-10 and Sakala 151-88.

2. For a sampling of materials that reflect the range of experiences related to recent technological changes, see Taylor A1; Moulthrop, pars. 39-53; Armstrong et al. 80-82; Craner 308-11; and Fukuyama 42.

When a single note needs to cite multiple sources, the sources are usually separated in the note by semicolons.

Some styles allow for more than one note reference at a time, like this. But in Chicago style, you should use only one note reference at a time, like this.

The number of note references in a sentence or a paragraph can sometimes be reduced by grouping several citations in a single note. The citations are separated by semicolons and must appear in the same order as the text material (whether works, quotations, or whatever) to which they pertain. Take care to avoid any ambiguity as to what is documenting what.

Note that a place of publication is no longer required in book citations (see CMOS 14.30).

1. Charles Yu, Interior Chinatown (Pantheon Books, 2020), 45.

2. Amy J. Binder and Jeffrey L. Kidder, The Channels of Student Activism: How the Left and Right Are Winning (and Losing) in Campus Politics Today (University of Chicago Press, 2022), 117–18.

3. Yu, Interior Chinatown, 48.

4. Binder and Kidder, Channels of Student Activism, 125.

Yu, Charles. Interior Chinatown. Pantheon Books, 2020.

Binder, Amy J., and Jeffrey L. Kidder. The Channels of Student Activism: How the Left and Right Are Winning (and Losing) in Campus Politics Today. University of Chicago Press, 2022.

본문에서:

캠퍼스 소설과 캠퍼스 정치는 같은 제도적 목소리로 되돌아온다.¹

첫 참조 주, 공식 출처 둘:

1. Charles Yu, Interior Chinatown (Pantheon Books, 2020), 45; Amy J. Binder and Jeffrey L. Kidder, The Channels of Student Activism: How the Left and Right Are Winning (and Losing) in Campus Politics Today (University of Chicago Press, 2022), 117–18.

나중 주, 공식 단축형:

5. Yu, Interior Chinatown, 48; Binder and Kidder, Channels of Student Activism, 125.

도입 구 포함(Q&A 패턴):

6. See Yu, Interior Chinatown, 45. For a different perspective, see Binder and Kidder, Channels of Student Activism, 117–18.

1. Hyeyoung Kwon, “Inclusion Work: Children of Immigrants Claiming Membership in Everyday Life,” American Journal of Sociology 127, no. 6 (2022): 1842–43, https://doi.org/10.1086/720277.

2. Emily L. Dittmar and Douglas W. Schemske, “Temporal Variation in Selection Influences Microgeographic Local Adaptation,” American Naturalist 202, no. 4 (2023): 480, https://doi.org/10.1086/725865.

7. Carl D. Snyder et al., “Extant Life Detection Using Label-Free Video Microscopy in Analog Aquatic Environments,” PLOS ONE 20, no. 3 (2025): 9–10, e0318239, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0318239.

이은 주(문장과 같은 순서):

8. Kwon, “Inclusion Work,” 1842–43; Dittmar and Schemske, “Temporal Variation,” 480; Snyder et al., “Extant Life Detection,” 9–10.

(Binder and Kidder 2022, 117–18)

(Yu 2020, 45)

(Kwon 2022, 1842–43)

(Dittmar and Schemske 2023, 480)

(Snyder et al. 2025, 9–10)

묶은 형태, 알파벳순:

(Binder and Kidder 2022, 117–18; Yu 2020, 45)

묶은 형태, 저널 표본 셋:

(Dittmar and Schemske 2023, 480; Kwon 2022, 1842–43; Snyder et al. 2025, 9–10)

이렇게 쓰지 말 것(Chicago 인용에 APA 구두점):

(Yu, 2020, 45; Binder and Kidder, 2022, 117–18)