如何用MLA格式引用政府文献

来源少，按印刷名称（§5.20）：

印刷所示的机构名称. 文献题名. 印刷所示的出版者, Year.

专业读者或来源很多（§5.21）：

国家, 机构, 下属单位. 文献题名. 出版者, Day Mon. Year.

国会报告，含可选编号（§5.118）：

United States, Congress, House, 委员会名称. 题名. Government Publishing Office, Year. #th Congress, #th session, House Report #.

在线文献：

国家, 机构. 文献题名. 网站名, 出版者, Day Mon. Year, URL.

机构仅为出版者：

文献题名. 印刷所示的机构名称, Year.

文内，政府作者：

(United States, Congress, House, 委员会名称 12)

文内，题名先行条目：

(缩短题名 12)

Note: This post relates to content in the eighth edition of the MLA Handbook. For up-to-date guidance, see the ninth edition of the MLA Handbook.

Government publications emanate from many sources and so present special problems in citation. If you are working with many government sources, you may choose to standardize the names of government entities so that entries can be consolidated. But nonspecialists and writers working with very few government sources can usually treat them just like any other source written by an organization: record the name as presented by the source.

官方Handbook示例，印刷所示名称：

U.S. Department of Labor. Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2014–2015. Skyhorse Publishing, 2014.

If the author of the document is not specified, is given in shorthand, or is otherwise unclear, or if you are writing in a specialist context, cite as the author the government agency that issued the document, listing the entities from largest to smallest—that is, state the name of the government first, followed by the name of the agency or agencies.

When standardizing entries, spell out the government name (United States) even if your source does not.

官方Handbook示例，统一作者：

United States, Congress, House. Improving Broadband Access for Veterans Act of 2016. Congress.gov, www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/6394/text.

If you are citing two or more works by the same government or government entity, you have the option to consolidate the works by standardizing the government name and listing them under the government author, even when the author and publisher are the same. Organizing the works by author instead of title is particularly useful in specialized studies or long-form works like books and dissertations. Begin the entry with the name of the government, followed by a comma and the name of the agency. Between them, name any organizational units of which the agency is part (for example, the House of Representatives is part of Congress). All the names are arranged from the largest entity to the smallest.

Substitute three hyphens or three em dashes for any name repeated from the Author element in the previous entry (whichever mark you use, be consistent).

Cite a congressional document by following the MLA format template. Begin by listing the government entity as the author, followed by the title of the source. Then list the name of the publisher and the date:

United States, Congress, House, Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. Al-Qaeda: The Many Faces of an Islamist Extremist Threat. Government Printing Office, 2006.

Following 2.1.3 of the MLA Handbook, you might include information about the congressional session from which the document emerged or specify the document’s type and number in the optional-element slot at the end of the entry:

United States, Congress, House, Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. Al-Qaeda: The Many Faces of an Islamist Extremist Threat. Government Printing Office, 2006. 109th Congress, 2nd session, House Report 615.

To cite a congressional document found online, provide the information for the document in one container. Then provide the name of the website on which the document appears, along with the URL or DOI:

Students and scholars working outside the legal profession and using MLA style should follow the MLA format template to cite laws, public documents, court cases, and other related material. Familiarize yourself with the guidelines in the MLA Handbook, sections 5.17–22, for corporate authors and government authors.

Following one of the fundamental principles of MLA style, writers citing legal works should document the version of the work they consult—not the canonical version of the law, as in legal style.

Following the MLA Handbook, italicize the names of court cases (70):

When you cite laws, acts, and political documents, capitalize their names like titles and set them in roman font (69):

No. The rules for government agencies as described in the MLA Handbook (2.1.3) do not apply to the “Publisher” slot. List the publisher’s name (i.e., the government agency) as you see it in the source:

Australia’s Welfare, 2017. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2017.

If the government agency as it appears in the source has many component parts, you can truncate the name, keeping only the name of the government and the primary agency

官方Handbook出版者示例：

Durose, Matthew R., et al. Multistate Criminal History Patterns of Prisoners Released in Thirty States. U.S. Dept. of Justice, Sept. 2015, www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/mschpprts05.pdf.

判例，斜体：

Marbury v. Madison

法律或条约，正体：

Law of the Sea Treaty

法案，正体：

Civil Rights Act

汇编，正体：

Code of Federal Regulations

In the names of court cases, use the abbreviation v. consistently, regardless of which abbreviation is used in the version of the work you are citing.

To determine the name of a court case, use only the name of the first party that appears on either side of “v.” or “vs.” in your source; if the name is a personal name, use only the surname.

To shorten the name of a court case in your prose after introducing it in full or in parenthetical references, use the name of the first-listed nongovernmental party. Thus, the case NLRB v. Yeshiva University becomes Yeshiva.

At the end of entries for legislative documents, you may want to provide the number and session of Congress, the chamber (Senate or House of Representatives), and the type and number of the publication. Types of congressional publications include bills, resolutions, reports, and documents.

官方Handbook汇编目录：

Poore, Benjamin Perley, compiler. A Descriptive Catalogue of the Government Publications of the United States, September 5, 1774–March 4, 1881. Government Printing Office, 1885. 48th Congress, 2nd session, Miscellaneous Document 67.

印刷本，核心要素：

United States, Congress, House, Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. Al-Qaeda: The Many Faces of an Islamist Extremist Threat. Government Printing Office, 2006.

印刷本，加上可选编号：

United States, Congress, House, Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. Al-Qaeda: The Many Faces of an Islamist Extremist Threat. Government Printing Office, 2006. 109th Congress, 2nd session, House Report 615.

United States, Congress. Public Law 111-122. United States Statutes at Large, vol. 123, 2009, pp. 3480-82. U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-123/pdf/STATUTE-123.pdf.

United States, Congress, House. Improving Broadband Access for Veterans Act of 2016. Congress.gov, www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/6394/text. 114th Congress, 2nd session, House Resolution 6394, passed 6 Dec. 2016.

众议院Law Revision Counsel网站，整部法典：

United States, Congress, House. United States Code. Office of the Law Revision Counsel, 14 Jan. 2017, uscode.house.gov.

同一网站，条目中的一节：

United States, Congress, House. United States Code. Title 17, section 304, Office of the Law Revision Counsel, 14 Jan. 2017, uscode.house.gov.

Cornell Law，按网站呈现的题名：

United States Code. Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School, www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text.

GPO 2011年title-17页面：

Title 17. United States Code, U.S. Government Publishing Office, 2011, www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2011-title17/html/USCODE-2011-title17.htm.

United States, Congress, House, Committee on Education and Labor. The Future of Learning: How Technology Is Transforming Public Schools. U.S. Government Publishing Office, 16 June 2009, www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-111hhrg50208/html/CHRG-111hhrg50208.htm. Text transcription of hearing.

机构为出版者，题名先行：

Australia’s Welfare, 2017. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2017.

取自印刷政府报告的在线文章：

"Outbreak of West Nile-Like Viral Encephalitis — New York, 1999." MMWR Weekly, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 30 Sept. 1999, www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4838a1.htm.

官方Style Center政府数据表：

"Table 311.80: Number and Percentage Distribution of Course Enrollments in Languages Other Than English at Degree-Granting Postsecondary Institutions, by Language and Enrollment Level: Selected Years, 2002 through 2013." Digest of Education Statistics, National Center for Education Statistics, 2015, nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d15/tables/dt15_311.80.asp.

Whenever you cite a work that has appeared in more than one version, you should cite the version you’ve consulted. Thus, if you are citing an online article republished from a printed government report, provide the publication details for the online version only.

United States, Executive Office of the President [Barack Obama]. Executive order 13717: Establishing a Federal Earthquake Risk Management Standard. 2 Feb. 2016. Federal Register, vol. 81, no. 24, 5 Feb. 2016, pp. 6405-10, www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2016-02-05/pdf/2016-02475.pdf.

NARA转写：

The Constitution of the United States: A Transcription. National Archives, U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, 28 Feb. 2017, www.archives.gov/founding-docs/constitution-transcript.

具名印刷版：

The Constitution of the United States, with Case Summaries. Edited by Edward Conrad Smith, 9th ed., Barnes and Noble Books, 1972.

具名版本的文内引用：

(Constitution of the United States, with Case Summaries)

外国宪法，国家在前：

France. Le constitution. 4 Oct. 1958. Legifrance, www.legifrance.gouv.fr/Droit-francais/Constitution/Constitution-du-4-octobre-1958.

官方Style Center瑞士示例：

Swiss Confederation. Bundesverfassung der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft. 18 Apr. 1999. Der Bundesrat, 1 Jan. 2016, www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html.

If you are citing several sections of a state’s set of laws, you could create a citation for the set of state laws in its entirety and then mention the chapter, section, or other identifying numbers in your text.

整部汇编法：

New York State Legislature. Consolidated Laws of New York. The New York State Senate, www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/CONSOLIDATED.

一个编号节：

New York State Legislature. Consolidated Laws of New York. Chapter 16, title 5, article 73, part 1, section 3601, New York State Senate, 27 Apr. 2018. The New York State Senate, www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/EDN/3601.

州参议院法案：

Wisconsin State, Legislature. Senate Bill 5. Wisconsin State Legislature, 20 Jan. 2017, docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/2017/related/proposals/sb5.

现行Style Center众议院法案，Accessed 6 May 2026：

Tennessee House of Representatives. House Bill 2420. Tennessee General Assembly, capitol.tn.gov/Bills/114/Bill/HB2420.pdf. Accessed 6 May 2026.

联合国决议：

United Nations, General Assembly. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Resolution 217 A, 10 Dec. 1948. United Nations, www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/. PDF download.

多边条约，题名先行：

Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. United Nations, 1998, nfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.pdf. Multilateral treaty.

Senate印刷的双边条约：

United States, Senate. Beijing Treaty on Audiovisual Performances. Congress.gov, www.congress.gov/114/cdoc/tdoc8/CDOC-114tdoc8.pdf. Treaty between the United States and the People’s Republic of China.

LII的Brown：

United States, Supreme Court. Brown v. Board of Education. 17 May 1954. Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School, www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/347/483.

Library of Congress的Brown PDF：

United States, Supreme Court. Brown v. Board of Education. United States Reports, vol. 347, 17 May 1954, pp. 483-97. Library of Congress, tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/usrep/usrep347/usrep347483/usrep347483.pdf.

署名异议，个人为作者：

Ginsburg, Ruth Bader. Dissenting opinion. Lilly Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co. United States Reports, vol. 550, 29 May 2007, pp. 643-61. Supreme Court of the United States, www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/boundvolumes/550bv.pdf.

官方Handbook §6.6的Jam：

United States, Supreme Court. Jam v. International Finance Corp. 27 Feb. 2019. Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School, www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/17-1011.

A writer using MLA style to document a legal work for a specialized readership that is likely to be familiar with the conventions of legal documentation may wish to adopt a hybrid method: in place of the author and title elements on the MLA format template, identify the work by using the Bluebook citation. Then, follow the MLA format template to list publication information for the version of the source you consulted.

United States Code一节：

17 U.S.C. § 304. Office of Law Revision Counsel, 14 Jan. 2017, uscode.house.gov.

最高法院判例：

Brown v. Board of Education. 347 U.S. 483. Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School, www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/347/483.

If more than one entry appears in the works-cited list for different administrative units of the same organization or government author, in the parenthetical citation give only as much of the name as is needed to locate the entry.

A recent case held that "the immunity enjoyed by foreign governments is a general rather than specific reference" (United States, Supreme Court).

One delegation noted that "Chinese authorities clearly remain concerned about the possibility of a resurgence of social unrest in Tibet" (United States, Senate 2).

官方Handbook的Senate考察报告：

United States, Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations. Tibet: Seeking Common Ground on the Rooftop of the World: A Trip Report from Staff of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Mar. 2011, www.foreign.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Tibet.pdf.

叙述，然后括号：

Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence警告，该威胁并非单一组织 (United States, Congress, House, Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence).

括号，带页码：

(United States, Congress, House, Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence 12)

Handbook §6.6，两条United States条目：

(United States, Supreme Court)

Handbook §6.6，Senate页码：

(United States, Senate 2)

题名先行年鉴：

(Australia’s Welfare 24)

短文章题名：

("Outbreak of West Nile-Like Viral Encephalitis")

具名宪法版本：

(Constitution of the United States, with Case Summaries)

行文中的判例名：

法院认定种族隔离的公立学校不平等 (Brown v. Board of Education).

United States, Congress, House, Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. Al-Qaeda: The Many Faces of an Islamist Extremist Threat. Government Printing Office, 2006.

---, ---, ---, Committee on Education and Labor. The Future of Learning: How Technology Is Transforming Public Schools. U.S. Government Publishing Office, 16 June 2009.

---, Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations. Tibet: Seeking Common Ground on the Rooftop of the World: A Trip Report from Staff of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Mar. 2011.

It depends on whether a date of publication for the document is provided.