APAスタイルをいつ使うか（第7版）

• 課題、ルーブリック、またはLMSの提出欄がAPAまたはAPA 7th editionを指名している
• 学術誌のInstructions for AuthorsがAPA Styleを指名している — Psychological ScienceとAERA journalsがそうしている
• 修士論文または博士論文のテンプレートがAPAの学生論文である
• 授業が心理学、教育学、看護学、ソーシャルワーク、カウンセリング、または他の社会・行動科学にあり、別のマニュアルが指名されていない
• スタイルを自分で選べと言われ、論文が方法、データ、または読者が年を見る必要のある最近の研究を報告している

• シラバスがMLA、Chicago、Turabian、Harvard、ASA、IEEE、AMA、Vancouver、ACS、またはBluebookを指名している
• 論文が文学、言語、または精読のエッセイである（通常はMLA）
• 論文が歴史、美術史、宗教学、またはアーカイブ作業である（通常はChicagoのノート）
• 掲載先がAMAまたはVancouverを使う臨床・医学誌である
• 掲載先がIEEE Transactions論文または他の番号付き工学スタイルである

APA Style is a set of guidelines for clear and precise scholarly communication that helps authors, both new and experienced, achieve excellence in writing. It is used by millions of people around the world in psychology and also in fields ranging from nursing to social work, communications to education, business to engineering, and other disciplines for the preparation of manuscripts for publication as well as for writing student papers, dissertations, and theses.

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

Some of your instructors will specify which citation format you should use; others will tell you to choose your own citation format as long as you use it consistently. The most common citation formats are MLA (Modern Language Association) style, which is primarily used for papers in the humanities; APA (American Psychological Association) style, which is primarily used for papers in the social sciences; and Chicago style (The Chicago Manual of Style), which is used for both humanities and social science papers.

Most authors choose the system used by others in their field or required by their publisher. Students should check with their instructor before deciding which system to use.

Manuscripts published in Psychological Science must follow the style of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th edition, with respect to handling of the order of manuscript sections, headings and subheadings, references, abbreviations, and symbols.

For initial submissions, authors may deviate from some of the style requirements (e.g., heading and subheading style, reference format, location of tables and figures). However, invited revisions and final versions of manuscripts must follow APA style.

The style guide for the Review of Educational Research and all AERA journals is the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th ed., 2020.

Manuscripts should be prepared in accordance with the AMA Manual of Style, 11th edition, and/or the ICMJE Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals.

ノートと文献一覧：

The notes and bibliography system, Chicago’s oldest and most flexible, can accommodate a wide variety of sources, including unusual ones that don’t fit neatly into the author-date system. For this reason, it is preferred by many working in the humanities, including literature, history, and the arts.

著者–日付：

Because it credits researchers by name directly in the text while at the same time emphasizing the date of each source, the author-date system is preferred by many in the sciences and social sciences.

However, because the scope of what constitutes a student paper is broad and flexible, and because students submit papers to their academic institutions rather than to an APA journal, we do not designate formal requirements for the nature or contents of an APA Style student paper.

Students should follow the guidelines and requirements developed by their instructors, departments, and/or academic institutions when writing papers, including dissertations and theses; these guidelines and requirements may entail adaptations of or additions to the APA Style guidelines described in this manual.

Student papers (e.g., narrative essays, reaction or response papers, literature review papers; see Section 1.10) usually include, at minimum, a title page (see Sections 2.3–2.6), page numbers (see Section 2.18), text (see Section 2.11), and a reference list (see Section 2.12).

Student papers do not typically include a running head, an author note, or an abstract, unless specifically requested by the instructor or institution.

Running heads are required only for manuscripts being submitted for publication. Running heads are not required for student papers unless the instructor or institution requests them; thus, the header for a student paper includes only the page number.

Use the same running head on every page, including the title page; do not include the label "Running head" to identify the running head on any page.

To avoid ambiguity in attribution, use the first person rather than the third person when describing the work you did as part of your research and when expressing your own views.

If you are writing a paper by yourself, use the pronoun “I”; do not use the pronoun “we” to refer to yourself if you do not have coauthors (see also Section 4.17). If you are writing a paper with coauthors, use the pronoun “we.” Do not refer to yourself or your coauthors in the third person as “the author(s)” or “the researcher(s).”

Use the author–date citation system to cite references in the text in APA Style. In this system, each work used in a paper has two parts: an in-text citation and a corresponding reference list entry (see Figure 8.2).

括弧内引用（§8.11）：

Falsely balanced news coverage can distort the public’s perception of expert consensus on an issue (Koehler, 2016).

叙述引用（§8.11）：

Koehler (2016) noted the dangers of falsely balanced news coverage.

Referencesリスト：

Koehler, D. J. (2016). Can journalistic “false balance” distort public perception of consensus in expert opinion? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 22(1), 24–38. https://doi.org/10.1037/xap0000073

心理方法論の授業、シラバスは沈黙

学科の既定はAPA 7の学生論文です。授業と提出日を入れたタイトルページ。ランニングヘッドなし。Works CitedではなくReferences。指導教員が指定した最近の論文と照合します。

心理学の回顧録を扱う英語セミナー、シラバスはMLA

MLA 9を使います。題材は心理学でも、読者はページ単位の指針を必要とする文学セミナーです。分野の慣習は負けます。

Review of Educational Research向けのEdDの章

APA 7の引用に、RERのハウスルールを加えます。匿名化した査読用ファイル、12ポイントのTimes New Roman、大文字のランニングヘッド、65ページ上限。これは専門論文であり、学生のタイトルページではありません。

JAMAの試験を引用する看護の論文

シラバスがAPAと書いていれば、授業論文はやはりAPA 7です。JAMA の論文自体はAMA 11で準備されています。試験はAPAで引用し、JAMAの上付きをAPAのReferencesリストに貼らないでください。