如何在 PowerPoint 或 Google 幻灯片演示文稿中引用来源

APA 7，幻灯片上：

改写后的论点 (Author, Year). "所引语句" (Author, Year, p. X).

APA 7，图片下方的署名：

Note. From Title of Image [Photograph], by A. Author, Year, Site Name (https://xxxxx). CC BY 4.0.

APA 7，最后一张幻灯片：

References — 与论文结尾相同的按字母顺序排列的条目

MLA 9，幻灯片上：

改写后的论点 (Author X). "所引语句" (Author X).

MLA 9，图片说明：

Fig. 1. First Name Author, Title of Image, Year, Site Name, URL.

MLA 9，最后一张幻灯片：

Works Cited — 按字母顺序，格式与论文相同

Chicago 18，幻灯片上（注释）：

引用或改写后的论点.¹ — 在幻灯片底部写 1. Author, Title (Publisher, Year), X.

Chicago 18，幻灯片上（author-date）：

改写后的论点 (Author Year, X).

Chicago 18，最后一张幻灯片：

Bibliography 或 References — 按字母顺序，格式与论文相同

Writers creating PowerPoint presentations in APA Style should present information clearly and concisely. Many APA Style guidelines can be applied to presentations (e.g., the guidance for crediting sources, using bias-free language, and writing clearly and concisely).

However, decisions about font size, amount of text on a slide, color scheme, use of animations, and so on are up to writers; these details are not specified as part of APA Style.

条目中的改写（Niepel et al.，Common Reference Examples）：

• 状态学业自我概念随学生的特质期望与价值而变化 (Niepel et al., 2025)

官方 §8.28 带时间戳的引文：

People make "sweeping inferences and judgments from body language" (Cuddy, 2012, 2:12).

幻灯片标题中的叙述性引用：

Levenson et al. (2025)：情绪聚焦伴侣治疗中的刻意练习

两部或更多作品，官方 §8.12 顺序：

(Adams et al., 2019; Shumway & Shulman, 2015; Westinghouse, 2017)

Above The Noise. (2017, October 18). Can procrastination be a good thing? [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FQMwmBNNOnQ

Denali National Park and Preserve. (2013). Lava [Photograph]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/denalinps/8639280606/

Levenson, H., Jinich, S., Vaz, A., & Rousmaniere, T. (2025). Deliberate practice in emotionally focused couple therapy. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000436-000

Niepel, C., Hausen, J. E., Weber, A. M., & Möller, J. (2025). Understanding mean-level and intraindividual variability in state academic self-concept: The role of students’ trait expectancies and values. Journal of Educational Psychology, 117(5), 772–788. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000946

The guidelines also apply to both students and professionals and to both papers and PowerPoint presentations.

In a presentation, the figure number and title are optional but the note containing the copyright attribution is required.

If the license associated with clip art or a stock image states “no attribution required,” then do not provide an APA Style reference, in-text citation, or copyright attribution.

Although for most images you must look at the license on a case-by-case basis, images and clip art from programs such as Microsoft Word and Microsoft PowerPoint can be used without attribution.

图片下方的版权注：

Note. From Lava [Photograph], by Denali National Park and Preserve, 2013, Flickr (https://www.flickr.com/photos/denalinps/8639280606/). CC BY 2.0.

对应的参考文献条目：

Denali National Park and Preserve. (2013). Lava [Photograph]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/denalinps/8639280606/

提及该图但不复制时的括号引用：

(Denali National Park and Preserve, 2013)

模板，从文章复制的图表（非官方图注）：

Note. Adapted from "Title of Article," by I. I. Surname and I. I. Surname, Year, Journal Title, Volume(Issue), p. X (https://doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxxx). Copyright Year by Copyright Holder.

模板，你根据已发表数据自建的图表：

Note. Data from Niepel et al. (2025, Table 1).

官方 YouTube 参考文献（Common Reference Examples）：

Above The Noise. (2017, October 18). Can procrastination be a good thing? [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FQMwmBNNOnQ

幻灯片上的片段，官方 §8.28 定位：

(Cuddy, 2012, 2:12)

Cite an image used in a PowerPoint presentation or web project the same way you would cite it in a printed paper.

As the post explains, if the image is merely illustrative, provide full publication details in a caption. But if you refer to the source of the image elsewhere, the caption should provide only enough detail needed to key to a works-cited-list entry.

The list of works cited may be included as the final slide or as the last page of the web project.

括号引用（Style Center）：

At least one researcher has broken new ground on the subject (Baron).

官方带页码的引文：

According to Naomi Baron, reading is "just half of literacy. The other half is writing" (194).

作者与页码合在一起：

Reading is "just half of literacy. The other half is writing" (Baron 194).

对应的 Works Cited 条目：

Baron, Naomi S. “Redefining Reading: The Impact of Digital Communication Media.” PMLA, vol. 128, no. 1, Jan. 2013, pp. 193–200.

幻灯片编号定位（Style Center，citing_slides，2018年3月2日）：

Thomas Hart Benton’s panel Instruments of Power is part a larger mural (slide 1).

官方图注（Style Center / Handbook）：

Fig. 1. Mary Cassatt, Mother and Child, Wichita Art Museum.

来自网络幻灯片放映的图像（citing_slides，2018年3月2日）：

Benton, Thomas Hart. Instruments of Power. 1930–31. The Met, Metropolitan Museum of Art, www.metmuseum.org/blogs/now-at-the-met/from-the-director/2012/benton/slideshow. Slide 1.

演示者自制的图像，你出席的讲座：

Smith, Ryan. “Goals of the Course.” English 204: African American Literature, 4 Apr. 2016, Evergreen State College, Olympia. Slide 2.

并非演示者创作的图像：

Monet, Claude. Bridge over a Pond of Water Lilies. 1899. Introduction to the History of Art, taught by Jane Ford, 4 Apr. 2016, Bates College, Lewiston. Slide 2.

与幻灯片编号对应的官方引文：

Smith indicates that one of the goals of the course is to “understand African American literature in all its variety” (slide 2).

Baron, Naomi S. “Redefining Reading: The Impact of Digital Communication Media.” PMLA, vol. 128, no. 1, Jan. 2013, pp. 193–200.

Carson, Sandy. Introduction to Digital Humanities. Blackboard, uploaded by Carson, 20 Oct. 2019, blackboard.ucla.edu/. PowerPoint presentation.

Benton, Thomas Hart. Instruments of Power. 1930–31. The Met, Metropolitan Museum of Art, www.metmuseum.org/blogs/now-at-the-met/from-the-director/2012/benton/slideshow. Slide 1.

Note that a place of publication is no longer required in book citations (see CMOS 14.30).

幻灯片底部的完整注：

1. Charles Yu, Interior Chinatown (Pantheon Books, 2020), 45.

第二条完整注，同一份文稿：

2. Amy J. Binder and Jeffrey L. Kidder, The Channels of Student Activism: How the Left and Right Are Winning (and Losing) in Campus Politics Today (University of Chicago Press, 2022), 117–18.

较后幻灯片上的缩略注：

3. Yu, Interior Chinatown, 48.

4. Binder and Kidder, Channels of Student Activism, 125.

带 DOI 的期刊注：

1. Hyeyoung Kwon, “Inclusion Work: Children of Immigrants Claiming Membership in Everyday Life,” American Journal of Sociology 127, no. 6 (2022): 1842–43, https://doi.org/10.1086/720277.

幻灯片上的 author-date 替代：

(Yu 2020, 45)

(Binder and Kidder 2022, 117–18)

模板，图像署名行（非官方 CMOS 字符串）：

Creator Name, Title of Work, Year, medium, Site or Museum, licence or permission.

模板，图表来源行：

Source: Data from Kwon, “Inclusion Work,” table 1.

官方 TED 注（CMOS Quick Guide）：

1. Vaitea Cowan, "How Green Hydrogen Could End the Fossil Fuel Era," TED Talk, Vancouver, BC, April 2022, 9 min., 15 sec., https://www.ted.com/talks/vaitea_cowan_how_green_hydrogen_could_end_the_fossil_fuel_era.

带时间戳的官方缩略注：

Cowan, "Green Hydrogen," at 6:09–17.

官方 YouTube 讲座注：

2. Eric Oliver, "Why So Many Americans Believe in So Many ‘Crazy’ Things," moderated by Andrew McCall, virtual lecture, February 23, 2022, posted March 21, 2022, by University of Chicago, YouTube, 1:01:45, https://youtu.be/hfq7AnCF5bg.

同一 TED 片段的 author-date 定位：

(Cowan 2022, at 6:09–17)

Binder, Amy J., and Jeffrey L. Kidder. The Channels of Student Activism: How the Left and Right Are Winning (and Losing) in Campus Politics Today. University of Chicago Press, 2022.

Cowan, Vaitea. "How Green Hydrogen Could End the Fossil Fuel Era." TED Talk, Vancouver, BC, April 2022. Video, 9 min., 15 sec. https://www.ted.com/talks/vaitea_cowan_how_green_hydrogen_could_end_the_fossil_fuel_era.

Kwon, Hyeyoung. “Inclusion Work: Children of Immigrants Claiming Membership in Everyday Life.” American Journal of Sociology 127, no. 6 (2022): 1818–59. https://doi.org/10.1086/720277.

Yu, Charles. Interior Chinatown. Pantheon Books, 2020.

APA 7，课堂 PowerPoint（Common Reference Examples §10.14）：

Mack, R., & Spake, G. (2018). Citing open source images and formatting references for presentations [PowerPoint slides]. Canvas@FNU. https://fnu.onelogin.com/login

APA 7，公开 PowerPoint（Alamo / Style Center）：

Jones, J. (2016, March 23). Guided reading: Making the most of it [PowerPoint slides]. SlideShare. https://www.slideshare.net/hellojenjones/guided-reading-making-the-most-of-it

APA 7，会议场次（Common Reference Examples §10.5）：

Davidson, R. J. (2019, August 8–11). Well-being is a skill [Conference session]. APA 2019 Convention, Chicago, IL, United States. https://irp-cdn.multiscreensite.com/a5ea5d51/files/uploaded/APA2019_Program_190708.pdf

APA 7 括号引用：

(Mack & Spake, 2018)

(Jones, 2016)

MLA 9，LMS PowerPoint（Style Center，2020年9月15日）：

Carson, Sandy. Introduction to Digital Humanities. Blackboard, uploaded by Carson, 20 Oct. 2019, blackboard.ucla.edu/. PowerPoint presentation.

APA 私人沟通例外（Creating an APA Style reference list，2022年2月23日）：

An exception is personal communications, which are cited in the text of your paper but are not included in the reference list (see Section 8.9 in the seventh edition Publication Manual).