如何在学术论文中呈现数据

文内提示：

Table 1 报告[各列比较的内容]。最大差异是[点明对照]，N = [样本]。

APA 7 表格叠层：

Table 1 标题式大小写的简短标题 [网格：无竖线] Note. [解释缩写。若数据不是你的，写出来源。]

APA 7 图叠层：

Figure 1 标题式大小写的简短标题 [图像] Note. [坐标轴或符号的含义。如需版权或改编行，写上。]

MLA 9 图注：

Fig. 1. [创作者], 作品名称, [地点或载体]。

CMOS 来源注：

Source: Data from [该作品的缩略注释], [页码], table [n].

Tables and figures enable writers to present a large amount of information efficiently and to make their data more comprehensible.

A table usually shows numerical values (e.g., means and standard deviations) and/or textual information (e.g., lists of stimulus words, responses from participants) arranged in columns and rows.

A figure may be a chart, graph, photograph, drawing, plot, infographic, or any other illustration that is not a table.

Present your results in logical sequence in the text, tables, and figures, giving the main or most important findings first. Do not repeat all the data in the tables or figures in the text; emphasize or summarize only the most important observations.

Give numeric results not only as derivatives (for example, percentages) but also as the absolute numbers from which the derivatives were calculated.

Use graphs as an alternative to tables with many entries; do not duplicate data in graphs and tables.

The CONSORT 2025 statement supersedes the CONSORT 2010 statement, which should no longer be used.

The CONSORT 2025 statement consists of a 30-item checklist of essential items that should be included when reporting the results of a randomised trial and a diagram for documenting the flow of participants through the trial.

CONSORT 2025 flow diagram. Flow diagram of the progress through the phases of a randomised trial of two groups (ie, enrolment, intervention allocation, follow-up, and data analysis). CONSORT=Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials

The PRISMA 2020 statement (including the checklists, explanation and elaboration, and flow diagram) replaces the PRISMA 2009 statement, which should no longer be used.

The flow diagram depicts the flow of information through the different phases of a systematic review. It maps out the number of records identified, included and excluded, and the reasons for exclusions.

The results section is where you report the findings of your study based on the methodology [or methodologies] you applied to gather information required to examine the research problem. The results section arrange and describe the findings in a logical sequence without bias or interpretation.

Always use the past tense when referring to your study's findings.

The table number (e.g., Table 1) appears above the table title and body in bold font. Number tables in the order in which they are mentioned in your paper.

The table title appears one double-spaced line below the table number. Give each table a brief but descriptive title, and capitalize the table title in italic title case.

Limit the use of borders or lines in a table to those needed for clarity. In general, use a border at the top and bottom of the table, beneath column headings (including decked heads), and above column spanners.

Do not use vertical borders to separate data, and do not use borders around every cell in a table.

There are two options for the placement of tables (and figures) in a paper. The first is to embed tables in the text after each is first mentioned (or “called out”); the second is to place each table on a separate page after the reference list.

Table 1
Descriptive Statistics for Study Variables

Variable          n     M      SD
Measure 1        [n]   [M]    [SD]
Measure 2        [n]   [M]    [SD]

Note. N = [total]. M = mean; SD = standard deviation.

The figure number (e.g., Figure 1) appears above the figure title and image in bold font. Number figures in the order in which they are mentioned in your paper.

The figure title appears one double-spaced line below the figure number. Give each figure a brief but descriptive title, and capitalize the figure title in italic title case.

Place tables and illustrations as close as possible to the parts of the text to which they relate. A table is usually labeled Table, given an arabic numeral, and titled. Type both label and title flush left on separate lines above the table, and capitalize them as titles (do not use all capital letters).

Give the source of the table and any notes immediately below the table in a caption. To avoid confusion between notes to the text and notes to the table, designate notes to the table with lowercase letters rather than with numerals.

If the caption of a table or illustration provides complete information about the source and the source is not cited in the text, no entry for the source in the works-cited list is necessary.

Fig. 1. Mary Cassatt, Mother and Child, Wichita Art Museum.

Ex. 1. Pyotr Ilich Tchaikovsky, Symphony no. 6 in B, opus 74 (Pathétique), finale.

Unless otherwise indicated, the reader should assume that you are the author of the tables in your paper. Provide the source of a table’s data directly below the table.

3.28. New guidance on writing alt text for images.

3.29. New guidance on ensuring accessibility for math.

3.38. New guidance on citing AI-generated images.

Figure 3. Life of Chinese Emperors, Qing period

Titles in tables should be short but self-explanatory, containing information that allows readers to understand the table's content without having to go back to the text.

Separate reporting of data by demographic variables, such as age and sex, facilitate pooling of data for subgroups across studies and should be routine, unless there are compelling reasons not to stratify reporting, which should be explained.

Measurements of length, height, weight, and volume should be reported in metric units (meter, kilogram, or liter) or their decimal multiples.

Temperatures should be in degrees Celsius. Blood pressures should be in millimeters of mercury, unless other units are specifically required by the journal.

过薄：

See Table 1.

Results 提示：

如表 Table 1 所示，[A 组]的平均[指标]高于[B 组]，t([df]) = [值]，p = [.xxx]，d = [值]。

图提示：

Figure 2 显示[趋势或关系]。关联方向为[方向]，r([df]) = [.xx]，p = [.xxx]。

ICMJE 计数加百分比：

[N]名参与者中有[n]人（[xx]%）[做了 X]。

Do not repeat statistics in both the text and a table or figure.

Report exact p values to two or three decimals (e.g., p = .006, p = .03).

However, report p values less than .001 as “p < .001.”

Put a zero before the decimal point when a number is less than 1 but the statistic can exceed 1.

Do not use a zero before a decimal when the statistic cannot be greater than 1 (proportion, correlation, level of statistical significance).

平均数与 SD：

参与者的平均分数为 M = [x.x]，SD = [x.x]。

t 检验：

t([df]) = [x.xx]，p = [.xxx]，d = [x.xx]。

ANOVA：

F([dfbetween], [dfwithin]) = [x.xx]，p = [.xxx]，η² = [.xx]。

相关：

r([df]) = [.xx]，p = [.xxx]。

回归：

β = [.xx]，t = [x.xx]，p = [.xxx]。

Titles and detailed explanations belong in the legends—not on the illustrations themselves.

Letters, numbers, and symbols on figures should therefore be clear and consistent throughout, and large enough to remain legible when the figure is reduced for publication.

If a figure has been published previously, acknowledge the original source and submit written permission from the copyright holder to reproduce it. Permission is required irrespective of authorship or publisher except for documents in the public domain.

Adapted from [family name], [initials]. (Year). Title of work (p. xx). Publisher. Copyright Year by Copyright Holder.

• 每张表和图都按首次引用的顺序编号
• 每一处展示都在出现之前于正文中点名
• APA 7：上方为加粗编号和斜体标题；需要时下方有 Note.；无竖线
• MLA 9：Table 标签和标题在上；Fig. 或 Ex. 图注在下
• CMOS 18：表格标题在上；图注通常在下；数据不是你的时有来源注
• 没有表格重印图，也没有图重印表格
• 百分比与它们所来自的计数一起出现
• 检验产生了精确 p 值、效应量和单位的地方都已写出
• 试验流程用 CONSORT 2025；综述流程用 PRISMA 2020
• 复制或改编的展示有来源行，并在需要时有书面许可
• 图在灰度和缩小后仍可读
• 若文件将在线阅读，替代文本点明趋势（CMOS 18 §3.28）