学術論文でのデータの示し方

本文中の呼びかけ：

Table 1は[列が比較する内容]を報告する。最も大きな差は[対比に名前を付ける]、N = [標本]。

APA 7の表スタック：

Table 1 Title Caseの短い標題 [格子：縦罫なし] Note. [略語を定義する。データが自分のものでなければ出典を名指す。]

APA 7の図スタック：

Figure 1 Title Caseの短い標題 [画像] Note. [軸や記号の意味。必要なら著作権または改変の行。]

MLA 9の図キャプション：

Fig. 1. [作者], Title of work, [場所またはコンテナ].

CMOSの出典注：

Source: Data from [著作の短縮注], [ページ], table [n].

leftover-consort-spirit-BMJ-388-versus-389:

現行のBMJ statementはHopewell et al.、BMJ 2025;389:e081123（doi:10.1136/bmj-2024-081123）、2025年4月14日発行である。SPIRIT–CONSORT published-statementsページは同じDOIをいまもBMJ 2025; 388:e081123として引用する。389を引用せよ。

leftover-Nature-Medicine-15-April:

BMJとJAMAはCONSORT 2025を2025年4月14日に掲載した。Nature Medicineは同時声明を2025年4月15日に掲載した（doi:10.1038/s41591-025-03635-5）。すべての掲載先を4月14日付にするな。

leftover-consort-spirit-14-00-AM:

2026年11月10日のCONSORT 30-yearイベント一覧はconsort-spirit.orgでleftover-prints "14:00 AM – 16:30 AM GMT." である。それは14:00–16:30 GMT / 9:00–11:30 ETであり、朝の14:00ではない。

leftover-eighth-edition-banner / leftover-MLA-Formatting-PDF-8th:

Style CenterのHow do I indicate that I prepared the table included in my paper?（2018年9月21日）はいまもleftover-eighth-edition-bannerを掲げる。教室用Formatting a Research Paper PDFは"From the MLA Handbook, 8th ed."および© 2020と記されている。CassattとTchaikovskyはいまもそこに出る。公式の教室用文字列として扱い、第9版へのPDF書き換えとしては扱うな。

leftover-Tchaikovsky-in-B:

公式のEx. 1文字列は"Ex. 1. Pyotr Ilich Tchaikovsky, Symphony no. 6 in B, opus 74 (Pathétique), finale."である。Pathétiqueはロ短調である。教室の"in B"を残し、黙って広げてはならない。

leftover-PRISMA-replace-quote-not-on-flow-page:

PRISMA 2020フロー図ページには"flow of information"の文がある。"replaces the PRISMA 2009 statement, which should no longer be used"の文はPage et al.、BMJ 2021;372:n71（PLOS Medicine 18(3):e1003583にも）にあり、そのフロー図ランディングページにはない。

leftover-ICMJE-news-title-January-2025:

現行のRecommendationsは2026年1月の更新である。告知URLはupdated_recommendations_jan2026.htmlである。ページタイトルの残件はいまでも"Up-Dated ICMJE Recommendations (January 2025)"と書き、H1はJanuary 2026と書く。

leftover-SAGER-GPC-closed-2023:

EASEは2023年末にGender Policy Committeeを閉じた。現行のSAGERページはいまでもease.org.uk/communities/gender-policy-committee/the-sager-guidelinesである。2016年のHeidari et al.論文がいまでもガイドラインである。

leftover-UUM-caption-under:

UUMのAPA 7 figures転載は公式の番号上スタックを引用したうえで、leftover-prints "Double-space the caption that appears under a figure"および2009年Wikipediaのhttp://取得を載せる。第7版スタックにはAlamo figure setup（最終更新2026年5月29日）を使え。

leftover-Fleming-one-space:

Fleming Collegeはleftover-prints "Place the title one space below the figure number." APAとAlamoが求めるのは1行のdouble-spaced lineである。

leftover-Auckland-Capuao / leftover-Auckland-do.org:

AucklandのCMOS 18 tables pageはいまでもReproduced from対Data fromを教える。Capuano et al. Journal of Alzheimer's Diseaseの行は文献に"Capuao"、キャプションに"Capuano"をleftover-printsし、Zhang 2017の行はhttps://do.org/10.1177/1468798415607939をleftover-printsする。切り分けは学び、それらの文字列はコピーするな。

leftover-APA-sample-CONSORT-flowchart:

APAのsample figuresページはいまでも第7版マニュアル（2020）の"Sample CONSORT flowchart"を出す。2026年の試験報告はCONSORT 2025の二群図を使い、その2010年代の見本を現行テンプレートとしては使うな。

leftover-DALL-E-retired:

CMOS Q&A on AI imagesはいまでも2023年3月5日のDALL·E 2クレジットを印刷し、DALL·EがChatGPTに統合されたと注記する。2023年の文字列を引用し、新しい画像を生成するなら今日のツールをクレジットせよ。

Tables and figures enable writers to present a large amount of information efficiently and to make their data more comprehensible.

A table usually shows numerical values (e.g., means and standard deviations) and/or textual information (e.g., lists of stimulus words, responses from participants) arranged in columns and rows.

A figure may be a chart, graph, photograph, drawing, plot, infographic, or any other illustration that is not a table.

Present your results in logical sequence in the text, tables, and figures, giving the main or most important findings first. Do not repeat all the data in the tables or figures in the text; emphasize or summarize only the most important observations.

Give numeric results not only as derivatives (for example, percentages) but also as the absolute numbers from which the derivatives were calculated.

Use graphs as an alternative to tables with many entries; do not duplicate data in graphs and tables.

The CONSORT 2025 statement supersedes the CONSORT 2010 statement, which should no longer be used.

The CONSORT 2025 statement consists of a 30-item checklist of essential items that should be included when reporting the results of a randomised trial and a diagram for documenting the flow of participants through the trial.

CONSORT 2025 flow diagram. Flow diagram of the progress through the phases of a randomised trial of two groups (ie, enrolment, intervention allocation, follow-up, and data analysis). CONSORT=Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials

The PRISMA 2020 statement (including the checklists, explanation and elaboration, and flow diagram) replaces the PRISMA 2009 statement, which should no longer be used.

The flow diagram depicts the flow of information through the different phases of a systematic review. It maps out the number of records identified, included and excluded, and the reasons for exclusions.

The results section is where you report the findings of your study based on the methodology [or methodologies] you applied to gather information required to examine the research problem. The results section arrange and describe the findings in a logical sequence without bias or interpretation.

Always use the past tense when referring to your study's findings.

The table number (e.g., Table 1) appears above the table title and body in bold font. Number tables in the order in which they are mentioned in your paper.

The table title appears one double-spaced line below the table number. Give each table a brief but descriptive title, and capitalize the table title in italic title case.

Limit the use of borders or lines in a table to those needed for clarity. In general, use a border at the top and bottom of the table, beneath column headings (including decked heads), and above column spanners.

Do not use vertical borders to separate data, and do not use borders around every cell in a table.

There are two options for the placement of tables (and figures) in a paper. The first is to embed tables in the text after each is first mentioned (or “called out”); the second is to place each table on a separate page after the reference list.

Table 1
Descriptive Statistics for Study Variables

Variable          n     M      SD
Measure 1        [n]   [M]    [SD]
Measure 2        [n]   [M]    [SD]

Note. N = [total]. M = mean; SD = standard deviation.

The figure number (e.g., Figure 1) appears above the figure title and image in bold font. Number figures in the order in which they are mentioned in your paper.

The figure title appears one double-spaced line below the figure number. Give each figure a brief but descriptive title, and capitalize the figure title in italic title case.

Place tables and illustrations as close as possible to the parts of the text to which they relate. A table is usually labeled Table, given an arabic numeral, and titled. Type both label and title flush left on separate lines above the table, and capitalize them as titles (do not use all capital letters).

Give the source of the table and any notes immediately below the table in a caption. To avoid confusion between notes to the text and notes to the table, designate notes to the table with lowercase letters rather than with numerals.

If the caption of a table or illustration provides complete information about the source and the source is not cited in the text, no entry for the source in the works-cited list is necessary.

Fig. 1. Mary Cassatt, Mother and Child, Wichita Art Museum.

Ex. 1. Pyotr Ilich Tchaikovsky, Symphony no. 6 in B, opus 74 (Pathétique), finale.

Unless otherwise indicated, the reader should assume that you are the author of the tables in your paper. Provide the source of a table’s data directly below the table.

3.28. New guidance on writing alt text for images.

3.29. New guidance on ensuring accessibility for math.

3.38. New guidance on citing AI-generated images.

Figure 3. Life of Chinese Emperors, Qing period

AI images are cited like any other image—by giving credit to the source. Here’s an image created back in 2023 by the now-retired DALL·E (an OpenAI product that was folded into ChatGPT that same year):

“A modern office rendered as a cubist painting,” image generated by OpenAI’s DALL·E 2, March 5, 2023.

Titles in tables should be short but self-explanatory, containing information that allows readers to understand the table's content without having to go back to the text.

Separate reporting of data by demographic variables, such as age and sex, facilitate pooling of data for subgroups across studies and should be routine, unless there are compelling reasons not to stratify reporting, which should be explained.

Measurements of length, height, weight, and volume should be reported in metric units (meter, kilogram, or liter) or their decimal multiples.

Temperatures should be in degrees Celsius. Blood pressures should be in millimeters of mercury, unless other units are specifically required by the journal.

薄すぎる：

See Table 1.

Resultsの呼びかけ：

Table 1に示すとおり、[群A]の平均[測度]は[群B]より高かった、t([df]) = [値], p = [.xxx], d = [値].

図の呼びかけ：

Figure 2は[傾向または関係]を示す。関連は[方向]、r([df]) = [.xx], p = [.xxx].

ICMJEの件数プラスパーセント：

[N]人の参加者のうち[n]人（[xx]%）が[Xをした]。

Do not repeat statistics in both the text and a table or figure.

Report exact p values to two or three decimals (e.g., p = .006, p = .03).

However, report p values less than .001 as “p < .001.”

Put a zero before the decimal point when a number is less than 1 but the statistic can exceed 1.

Do not use a zero before a decimal when the statistic cannot be greater than 1 (proportion, correlation, level of statistical significance).

平均とSD：

参加者の平均得点は M = [x.x], SD = [x.x] であった。

t test：

t([df]) = [x.xx], p = [.xxx], d = [x.xx].

ANOVA：

F([dfbetween], [dfwithin]) = [x.xx], p = [.xxx], η² = [.xx].

相関：

r([df]) = [.xx], p = [.xxx].

回帰：

β = [.xx], t = [x.xx], p = [.xxx].

Titles and detailed explanations belong in the legends—not on the illustrations themselves.

Letters, numbers, and symbols on figures should therefore be clear and consistent throughout, and large enough to remain legible when the figure is reduced for publication.

If a figure has been published previously, acknowledge the original source and submit written permission from the copyright holder to reproduce it. Permission is required irrespective of authorship or publisher except for documents in the public domain.

Adapted from [姓], [イニシャル]. (Year). Title of work (p. xx). Publisher. Copyright Year by Copyright Holder.

• すべての表と図が、最初に引用した順に番号付けされている
• すべての表示が、現れる前に本文で名指されている
• APA 7：太字の番号とイタリックの標題が上。必要なら下にNote.。縦罫なし
• MLA 9：Tableラベルと標題が上。Fig.またはEx.キャプションが下
• CMOS 18：表題が上。図キャプションは通常下。データが自分のものでなければ出典注
• 表が図を再印刷せず、図が表を再印刷しない
• パーセントがその元になった件数とともに現れる
• 検定が産んだ場所に正確なp値、効果量、単位がある
• 試験フローはCONSORT 2025、レビューフローはPRISMA 2020
• コピーまたは改変した表示には出典行があり、必要なら書面許可がある
• 図はグレースケールでも縮小しても読める
• ファイルがオンラインで読まれるなら代替テキストが傾向を名指す（CMOS 18 §3.28）