如何在 APA、MLA 和 Chicago 中设置块引用格式

APA 7，括号引用：

以冒号结尾的引导句：

     40 个词或以上的引文，缩进 0.5 英寸，双倍行距，不加引号，以自己的句号结尾。(Author, Year, p. Page)

APA 7，叙述性引用：

Author (Year) 这样写道：

     40 个词或以上的引文。(p. Page)

MLA 9：

以冒号结尾的引导句：

     超过四行的散文引文，缩进 0.5 英寸，双倍行距，不加引号。(Author Page)

Chicago 18，注释–书目：

以冒号结尾的引导句：

     大约 100 个词或以上、或两段或以上的散文引文，缩进 0.5 英寸，不加引号。1

Chicago 18，作者–年份：

     散文引文，版式相同。(Author Year, Page)

Do not use quotation marks to enclose a block quotation.

Start a block quotation on a new line and indent the whole block 0.5 in. from the left margin.

Either (a) cite the source in parentheses after the quotation's final punctuation or (b) cite the author and year in the narrative before the quotation and place only the page number in parentheses after the quotation's final punctuation.

Do not add a period after the closing parenthesis in either case.

参考文献：

Alderson-Day, B., & Fernyhough, C. (2015). Inner speech: Development, cognitive functions, phenomenology, and neurobiology. Psychological Bulletin, 141(5), 931–965. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000021

论文中：

Researchers have studied how people talk to themselves:

     Inner speech is a paradoxical phenomenon. It is an experience that is central to many people's everyday lives, and yet it presents considerable challenges to any effort to study it scientifically. Nevertheless, a wide range of methodologies and approaches have combined to shed light on the subjective experience of inner speech and its cognitive and neural underpinnings. (Alderson-Day & Fernyhough, 2015, p. 957)

Inner speech is a paradoxical phenomenon. It is an experience that is central to many people's everyday lives, and yet it presents considerable challenges to any effort to study it scientifically. Nevertheless, a wide range of methodologies and approaches have combined to shed light on the subjective experience of inner speech and its cognitive and neural underpinnings.

参考文献：

Flores, M. J., Watson, L. B., Allen, L. R., Ford, M., Serpe, C. R., Choo, P. Y., & Farrell, M. (2018). Transgender people of color's experiences of sexual objectification: Locating sexual objectification within a matrix of domination. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 65(3), 308–323. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000279

论文中：

Flores et al. (2018) described how they addressed potential researcher bias when working with an intersectional community of transgender people of color:

     Everyone on the research team belonged to a stigmatized group but also held privileged identities. Throughout the research process, we attended to the ways in which our privileged and oppressed identities may have influenced the research process, findings, and presentation of results. (p. 311)

Everyone on the research team belonged to a stigmatized group but also held privileged identities. Throughout the research process, we attended to the ways in which our privileged and oppressed identities may have influenced the research process, findings, and presentation of results.

官方标题加段落示例（Alamo / APA Style）：

Music and language are intertwined in the brain such that "people who are better at rhythmic memory skills tend to excel at language skills as well" (DeAngelis, 2018, Musical Forays section, para. 4).

块引用之后，括号：

(Alderson-Day & Fernyhough, 2015, para. 4)

块引用之后，叙述已点明出处：

(Discussion section, para. 2)

章与段落（电子书）：

(Roy, 2008, Chapter 6, para. 3)

时间戳（视听作品）：

(Cowan, 2022, 6:09)

Effective teams can be difficult to describe because "high performance along one domain does not translate to high performance along another" (Ervin et al., 2018, p. 470).

All block quotations in your work should be indented the same amount. Even if the block quotation occurs after a short line that is itself indented at the beginning of a paragraph, indent the block quotation as you normally would.

If a quotation extends to more than four lines when run into your text, set if off from the text as a block indented half an inch from the left margin

Works Cited：

Gikandi, Simon. Ngugi wa Thiong'o. Cambridge UP, 2000. ACLS Humanities E-book, hdl.handle.net/2027/fulcrum.12579s61p.

论文中：

For Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o,

     African writers are haunted by their past simply because the historical narratives that they thought would make their experiences more intelligible have instead confronted them with the opacity of the past. The turn to fiction, then, is one important way of clarifying the confusions created by historical events. . . . (Gikandi 3)

African writers are haunted by their past simply because the historical narratives that they thought would make their experiences more intelligible have instead confronted them with the opacity of the past. The turn to fiction, then, is one important way of clarifying the confusions created by historical events. . . .

行内：

Virginia Woolf describes the scene vividly: "Everything had come to a standstill. The throb of the motor engines sounded like a pulse irregularly drumming through an entire body" (14).

块引用：

Virginia Woolf describes the scene vividly:

     Everything had come to a standstill. The throb of the motor engines sounded like a pulse irregularly drumming through an entire body. The sun became extraordinarily hot because the motor car had stopped outside Mulberry's shop window; old ladies on the tops of omnibuses spread their black parasols; here a green, here a red parasol opened with a little pop. Mrs. Dalloway, coming to the window with her arms full of sweet peas, looked out with her little pink face pursed in enquiry. (14)

Everything had come to a standstill. The throb of the motor engines sounded like a pulse irregularly drumming through an entire body.

Mrs. Dalloway, coming to the window with her arms full of sweet peas, looked out with her little pink face pursed in enquiry.

Works Cited：

Hemans, Felicia. "The Image in Lava." The Poetical Works of Mrs. Felicia Hemans, Grigg and Elliot, 1843, p. 318.

行内（三行或更少；节间断用 //）：

"Since here the mournful seal was set / By love and agony! // Temple and tower have mouldered" (lines 3–5).

块引用（四行或以上；节与节之间留空行）：

Hemans opens on the imprint and then on ruins:

     Thou thing of years departed!
     What ages have gone by,
     Since here the mournful seal was set
     By love and agony!

     Temple and tower have mouldered,
     Empires from earth have passed
     And woman's heart hath left a trace
     Those glories to outlast! (lines 1–8)

Thou thing of years departed! What ages have gone by, Since here the mournful seal was set By love and agony!

In a block quotation that includes more than one paragraph, indent the beginning of the paragraphs after the first one, even if your source uses line spaces instead of indentation to indicate paragraph breaks. Do not, however, indent the first line of the first paragraph in the block quotation, even if it is the start of a new paragraph in your source.

书目：

Melville, Herman. Moby-Dick; or, The Whale. New York, 1851. https://melville.electroniclibrary.org/moby-dick-side-by-side.

论文中：

Ishmael treats the voyage as a cure:

     Whenever I find myself growing grim about the mouth; whenever it is a damp, drizzly November in my soul; whenever I find myself involuntarily pausing before coffin warehouses, and bringing up the rear of every funeral I meet; and especially whenever my hypos get such an upper hand of me, that it requires a strong moral principle to prevent me from deliberately stepping into the street, and methodically knocking people's hats off—then, I account it high time to get to sea as soon as I can. This is my substitute for pistol and ball. With a philosophical flourish Cato throws himself upon his sword; I quietly take to the ship.1

注释：

1. Herman Melville, Moby-Dick; or, The Whale (New York, 1851), chap. 1, https://melville.electroniclibrary.org/moby-dick-side-by-side.

后续注释：

5. Melville, Moby-Dick, chap. 1.

Whenever I find myself growing grim about the mouth; whenever it is a damp, drizzly November in my soul; whenever I find myself involuntarily pausing before coffin warehouses, and bringing up the rear of every funeral I meet; and especially whenever my hypos get such an upper hand of me, that it requires a strong moral principle to prevent me from deliberately stepping into the street, and methodically knocking people's hats off—then, I account it high time to get to sea as soon as I can.

论文中：

The city itself is drawn seaward:

     There now is your insular city of the Manhattoes, belted round by wharves as Indian isles by coral reefs—commerce surrounds it with her surf. Right and left, the streets take you waterward.
          Circumambulate the city of a dreamy Sabbath afternoon. Go from Corlears Hook to Coenties Slip, and from thence, by Whitehall, northward. What do you see?—Posted like silent sentinels all around the town, stand thousands upon thousands of mortal men fixed in ocean reveries.2

注释：

2. Melville, Moby-Dick, chap. 1.

There now is your insular city of the Manhattoes, belted round by wharves as Indian isles by coral reefs—commerce surrounds it with her surf.

参考文献表：

Melville, Herman. 1851. Moby-Dick; or, The Whale. New York. https://melville.electroniclibrary.org/moby-dick-side-by-side.

块引用之后：

     . . . I quietly take to the ship. (Melville 1851, chap. 1)

行内：

Hemans opens on the imprint, "Thou thing of years departed! / What ages have gone by, / Since here the mournful seal was set," before the poem turns to ruins.3

注释：

3. Felicia Hemans, "The Image in Lava," in The Poetical Works of Mrs. Felicia Hemans (Grigg and Elliot, 1843), 318.

块引用：

     Thou thing of years departed!
     What ages have gone by,
     Since here the mournful seal was set
     By love and agony!4

注释：

4. Hemans, "Image in Lava," 318.

完整句子，冒号（官方 APA 引导）：

Researchers have studied how people talk to themselves:

言说动词，逗号：

As Alderson-Day and Fernyhough (2015) put it,

语法延续，无标点：

Alderson-Day and Fernyhough (2015) argue that

不要写成：

Alderson-Day and Fernyhough argue that: — the colon splits an unfinished clause

Identify an omission within a sentence by using three periods with a space before each and a space after the last ( . . . )

原文（官方 APA 摘录）：

Inner speech is a paradoxical phenomenon. It is an experience that is central to many people's everyday lives, and yet it presents considerable challenges to any effort to study it scientifically. Nevertheless, a wide range of methodologies and approaches have combined to shed light on the subjective experience of inner speech and its cognitive and neural underpinnings.

APA 7，句中删词：

It is an experience that is central to many people's everyday lives . . . and yet it presents considerable challenges to any effort to study it scientifically. (Alderson-Day & Fernyhough, 2015, p. 957)

APA 7，删去整句：

Inner speech is a paradoxical phenomenon. . . . Nevertheless, a wide range of methodologies and approaches have combined to shed light on the subjective experience of inner speech and its cognitive and neural underpinnings. (Alderson-Day & Fernyhough, 2015, p. 957)

MLA 9，同样的整句删节：

Inner speech is a paradoxical phenomenon. . . . Nevertheless, a wide range of methodologies and approaches have combined to shed light on the subjective experience of inner speech and its cognitive and neural underpinnings. (Alderson-Day and Fernyhough 957)

Chicago 18，带标注的插入：

Inner speech is a paradoxical phenomenon. It is an experience that is central to many people's everyday lives, and yet it presents considerable challenges to any effort to study it [inner speech] scientifically. (Alderson-Day and Fernyhough 2015, 957)

官方 APA 行内（Publication Manual §8.33 / Jönköping 转载）：

Bliese et al. (2017) noted that "mobile devices enabled employees in many jobs to work 'anywhere, anytime' and stay electronically tethered to work outside formal working hours" (p. 391).

参考文献：

Bliese, P. D., Edwards, J. R., & Sonnentag, S. (2017). Stress and well-being at work: A century of empirical trends reflecting theoretical and societal influences. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102(3), 389–402. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000109

同一措辞做成块（内层用双引号；版式演示）：

Bliese et al. (2017) noted the reach of the phone:

     Mobile devices enabled employees in many jobs to work "anywhere, anytime" and stay electronically tethered to work outside formal working hours. (p. 391)