Cách định dạng trích dẫn khối theo APA, MLA và Chicago

APA 7, chú thích trong ngoặc:

Câu dẫn nhập kết thúc bằng dấu hai chấm:

     Văn bản trích 40 từ trở lên, thụt 0,5 in, giãn dòng đôi, không dấu ngoặc kép, kết thúc bằng dấu chấm của chính nó. (Tác giả, Năm, p. Trang)

APA 7, chú thích tường thuật:

Tác giả (Năm) diễn đạt như thế này:

     Văn bản trích 40 từ trở lên. (p. Trang)

MLA 9:

Câu dẫn nhập kết thúc bằng dấu hai chấm:

     Văn xuôi trích hơn bốn dòng, thụt 0,5 in, giãn dòng đôi, không dấu ngoặc kép. (Tác giả Trang)

Chicago 18, notes-bibliography:

Câu dẫn nhập kết thúc bằng dấu hai chấm:

     Văn xuôi trích khoảng 100 từ trở lên, hoặc hai đoạn trở lên, thụt 0,5 in, không dấu ngoặc kép.1

Chicago 18, author-date:

     Văn xuôi trích, cùng bố cục. (Tác giả Năm, Trang)

Do not use quotation marks to enclose a block quotation.

Start a block quotation on a new line and indent the whole block 0.5 in. from the left margin.

Either (a) cite the source in parentheses after the quotation's final punctuation or (b) cite the author and year in the narrative before the quotation and place only the page number in parentheses after the quotation's final punctuation.

Do not add a period after the closing parenthesis in either case.

Tài liệu tham khảo:

Alderson-Day, B., & Fernyhough, C. (2015). Inner speech: Development, cognitive functions, phenomenology, and neurobiology. Psychological Bulletin, 141(5), 931–965. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000021

Trong bài:

Researchers have studied how people talk to themselves:

     Inner speech is a paradoxical phenomenon. It is an experience that is central to many people's everyday lives, and yet it presents considerable challenges to any effort to study it scientifically. Nevertheless, a wide range of methodologies and approaches have combined to shed light on the subjective experience of inner speech and its cognitive and neural underpinnings. (Alderson-Day & Fernyhough, 2015, p. 957)

Inner speech is a paradoxical phenomenon. It is an experience that is central to many people's everyday lives, and yet it presents considerable challenges to any effort to study it scientifically. Nevertheless, a wide range of methodologies and approaches have combined to shed light on the subjective experience of inner speech and its cognitive and neural underpinnings.

Tài liệu tham khảo:

Flores, M. J., Watson, L. B., Allen, L. R., Ford, M., Serpe, C. R., Choo, P. Y., & Farrell, M. (2018). Transgender people of color's experiences of sexual objectification: Locating sexual objectification within a matrix of domination. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 65(3), 308–323. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000279

Trong bài:

Flores et al. (2018) described how they addressed potential researcher bias when working with an intersectional community of transgender people of color:

     Everyone on the research team belonged to a stigmatized group but also held privileged identities. Throughout the research process, we attended to the ways in which our privileged and oppressed identities may have influenced the research process, findings, and presentation of results. (p. 311)

Everyone on the research team belonged to a stigmatized group but also held privileged identities. Throughout the research process, we attended to the ways in which our privileged and oppressed identities may have influenced the research process, findings, and presentation of results.

Ví dụ đề mục-cộng-đoạn chính thức (Alamo / APA Style):

Music and language are intertwined in the brain such that "people who are better at rhythmic memory skills tend to excel at language skills as well" (DeAngelis, 2018, Musical Forays section, para. 4).

Sau khối, trong ngoặc:

(Alderson-Day & Fernyhough, 2015, para. 4)

Sau khối, lời tường thuật đã nêu nguồn:

(Discussion section, para. 2)

Chương và đoạn (sách điện tử):

(Roy, 2008, Chapter 6, para. 3)

Dấu thời gian (tác phẩm nghe-nhìn):

(Cowan, 2022, 6:09)

Effective teams can be difficult to describe because "high performance along one domain does not translate to high performance along another" (Ervin et al., 2018, p. 470).

All block quotations in your work should be indented the same amount. Even if the block quotation occurs after a short line that is itself indented at the beginning of a paragraph, indent the block quotation as you normally would.

If a quotation extends to more than four lines when run into your text, set if off from the text as a block indented half an inch from the left margin

Works cited:

Gikandi, Simon. Ngugi wa Thiong'o. Cambridge UP, 2000. ACLS Humanities E-book, hdl.handle.net/2027/fulcrum.12579s61p.

Trong bài:

For Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o,

     African writers are haunted by their past simply because the historical narratives that they thought would make their experiences more intelligible have instead confronted them with the opacity of the past. The turn to fiction, then, is one important way of clarifying the confusions created by historical events. . . . (Gikandi 3)

African writers are haunted by their past simply because the historical narratives that they thought would make their experiences more intelligible have instead confronted them with the opacity of the past. The turn to fiction, then, is one important way of clarifying the confusions created by historical events. . . .

Chạy trong câu:

Virginia Woolf describes the scene vividly: "Everything had come to a standstill. The throb of the motor engines sounded like a pulse irregularly drumming through an entire body" (14).

Đã tạo khối:

Virginia Woolf describes the scene vividly:

     Everything had come to a standstill. The throb of the motor engines sounded like a pulse irregularly drumming through an entire body. The sun became extraordinarily hot because the motor car had stopped outside Mulberry's shop window; old ladies on the tops of omnibuses spread their black parasols; here a green, here a red parasol opened with a little pop. Mrs. Dalloway, coming to the window with her arms full of sweet peas, looked out with her little pink face pursed in enquiry. (14)

Everything had come to a standstill. The throb of the motor engines sounded like a pulse irregularly drumming through an entire body.

Mrs. Dalloway, coming to the window with her arms full of sweet peas, looked out with her little pink face pursed in enquiry.

Works cited:

Hemans, Felicia. "The Image in Lava." The Poetical Works of Mrs. Felicia Hemans, Grigg and Elliot, 1843, p. 318.

Chạy trong câu (ba dòng trở xuống, ngắt khổ bằng //):

"Since here the mournful seal was set / By love and agony! // Temple and tower have mouldered" (lines 3–5).

Đã tạo khối (bốn dòng trở lên; giữ một dòng trống giữa các khổ):

Hemans opens on the imprint and then on ruins:

     Thou thing of years departed!
     What ages have gone by,
     Since here the mournful seal was set
     By love and agony!

     Temple and tower have mouldered,
     Empires from earth have passed
     And woman's heart hath left a trace
     Those glories to outlast! (lines 1–8)

Thou thing of years departed! What ages have gone by, Since here the mournful seal was set By love and agony!

In a block quotation that includes more than one paragraph, indent the beginning of the paragraphs after the first one, even if your source uses line spaces instead of indentation to indicate paragraph breaks. Do not, however, indent the first line of the first paragraph in the block quotation, even if it is the start of a new paragraph in your source.

Thư mục:

Melville, Herman. Moby-Dick; or, The Whale. New York, 1851. https://melville.electroniclibrary.org/moby-dick-side-by-side.

Trong bài:

Ishmael treats the voyage as a cure:

     Whenever I find myself growing grim about the mouth; whenever it is a damp, drizzly November in my soul; whenever I find myself involuntarily pausing before coffin warehouses, and bringing up the rear of every funeral I meet; and especially whenever my hypos get such an upper hand of me, that it requires a strong moral principle to prevent me from deliberately stepping into the street, and methodically knocking people's hats off—then, I account it high time to get to sea as soon as I can. This is my substitute for pistol and ball. With a philosophical flourish Cato throws himself upon his sword; I quietly take to the ship.1

Chú thích:

1. Herman Melville, Moby-Dick; or, The Whale (New York, 1851), chap. 1, https://melville.electroniclibrary.org/moby-dick-side-by-side.

Chú thích sau:

5. Melville, Moby-Dick, chap. 1.

Whenever I find myself growing grim about the mouth; whenever it is a damp, drizzly November in my soul; whenever I find myself involuntarily pausing before coffin warehouses, and bringing up the rear of every funeral I meet; and especially whenever my hypos get such an upper hand of me, that it requires a strong moral principle to prevent me from deliberately stepping into the street, and methodically knocking people's hats off—then, I account it high time to get to sea as soon as I can.

Trong bài:

The city itself is drawn seaward:

     There now is your insular city of the Manhattoes, belted round by wharves as Indian isles by coral reefs—commerce surrounds it with her surf. Right and left, the streets take you waterward.
          Circumambulate the city of a dreamy Sabbath afternoon. Go from Corlears Hook to Coenties Slip, and from thence, by Whitehall, northward. What do you see?—Posted like silent sentinels all around the town, stand thousands upon thousands of mortal men fixed in ocean reveries.2

Chú thích:

2. Melville, Moby-Dick, chap. 1.

There now is your insular city of the Manhattoes, belted round by wharves as Indian isles by coral reefs—commerce surrounds it with her surf.

Danh mục tham khảo:

Melville, Herman. 1851. Moby-Dick; or, The Whale. New York. https://melville.electroniclibrary.org/moby-dick-side-by-side.

Sau khối:

     . . . I quietly take to the ship. (Melville 1851, chap. 1)

Chạy trong câu:

Hemans opens on the imprint, "Thou thing of years departed! / What ages have gone by, / Since here the mournful seal was set," before the poem turns to ruins.3

Chú thích:

3. Felicia Hemans, "The Image in Lava," in The Poetical Works of Mrs. Felicia Hemans (Grigg and Elliot, 1843), 318.

Đã tạo khối:

     Thou thing of years departed!
     What ages have gone by,
     Since here the mournful seal was set
     By love and agony!4

Chú thích:

4. Hemans, "Image in Lava," 318.

Câu hoàn chỉnh, dấu hai chấm (lời dẫn APA chính thức):

Researchers have studied how people talk to themselves:

Động từ nói, dấu phẩy:

As Alderson-Day and Fernyhough (2015) put it,

Tiếp nối ngữ pháp, không dấu câu:

Alderson-Day and Fernyhough (2015) argue that

Đừng viết:

Alderson-Day and Fernyhough argue that: — dấu hai chấm cắt một mệnh đề chưa xong

Identify an omission within a sentence by using three periods with a space before each and a space after the last ( . . . )

Nguyên bản (đoạn APA chính thức):

Inner speech is a paradoxical phenomenon. It is an experience that is central to many people's everyday lives, and yet it presents considerable challenges to any effort to study it scientifically. Nevertheless, a wide range of methodologies and approaches have combined to shed light on the subjective experience of inner speech and its cognitive and neural underpinnings.

APA 7, cắt từ giữa câu:

It is an experience that is central to many people's everyday lives . . . and yet it presents considerable challenges to any effort to study it scientifically. (Alderson-Day & Fernyhough, 2015, p. 957)

APA 7, cắt cả một câu:

Inner speech is a paradoxical phenomenon. . . . Nevertheless, a wide range of methodologies and approaches have combined to shed light on the subjective experience of inner speech and its cognitive and neural underpinnings. (Alderson-Day & Fernyhough, 2015, p. 957)

MLA 9, cùng chỗ cắt câu:

Inner speech is a paradoxical phenomenon. . . . Nevertheless, a wide range of methodologies and approaches have combined to shed light on the subjective experience of inner speech and its cognitive and neural underpinnings. (Alderson-Day and Fernyhough 957)

Chicago 18, với chỗ chèn có nhãn:

Inner speech is a paradoxical phenomenon. It is an experience that is central to many people's everyday lives, and yet it presents considerable challenges to any effort to study it [inner speech] scientifically. (Alderson-Day and Fernyhough 2015, 957)

Chạy trong câu APA chính thức (Publication Manual §8.33 / bản in lại Jönköping):

Bliese et al. (2017) noted that "mobile devices enabled employees in many jobs to work 'anywhere, anytime' and stay electronically tethered to work outside formal working hours" (p. 391).

Tài liệu tham khảo:

Bliese, P. D., Edwards, J. R., & Sonnentag, S. (2017). Stress and well-being at work: A century of empirical trends reflecting theoretical and societal influences. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102(3), 389–402. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000109

Cùng lời đã tạo khối (kép bên trong; minh họa bố cục):

Bliese et al. (2017) noted the reach of the phone:

     Mobile devices enabled employees in many jobs to work "anywhere, anytime" and stay electronically tethered to work outside formal working hours. (p. 391)