أين توضع النقطة؟ قواعد الترقيم للاستشهاد داخل النص

APA 7، اقتباس قصير رسمي (إعادة نشر Alamo في 29 مايو 2026):

Effective teams can be difficult to describe because "high performance along one domain does not translate to high performance along another" (Ervin et al., 2018, p. 470).

APA 7، إعادة صوغ لمصدر رسمي:

State academic self-concept varies within the same student as well as across students (Niepel et al., 2025).

MLA 9، اقتباس Style Center رسمي:

Reading is "just half of literacy. The other half is writing" (Baron 194).

MLA 9، اقتباس Woolf المدمج الرسمي (Style Center، 29 فبراير 2016):

Virginia Woolf describes the scene vividly: "Everything had come to a standstill. The throb of the motor engines sounded like a pulse irregularly drumming through an entire body" (14).

Chicago 18، حاشية رسمية (Quick Guide):

1. Charles Yu, Interior Chinatown (Pantheon Books, 2020), 45.

Chicago 18، الرقم العلوي المطابق:

يُستأجر راوي Yu بوصفه Generic Asian Extra.¹

Chicago 18، مؤلف-سنة رسمي (Quick Guide):

(Yu 2020, 45)

قالب الاقتباس الكتلي (الأنماط الثلاثة):

…final word of the extract. (Author, Year, p. Page) — no period after the citation

The citation refers to the quotation and thus belongs in the same sentence with it.

A period is needed after the citation to indicate where the writer's sentence ends.

In the source work by Virginia Woolf, there is a period after "body," but it's omitted here because the following period makes a period after "body" redundant.

APA 7:

Although self-concept varies from moment to moment (Niepel et al., 2025), couple therapists can still practise discrete skills (Levenson et al., 2025).

MLA 9:

Although reading is "just half of literacy" (Baron 194), Woolf's motor car has already stopped (14).

Chicago 18، حواشٍ:

رغم أن Yu يجعل Generic Asian Extra الحبكة كلها،¹ يتتبع Binder and Kidder كيف تفوز جماعات الحرم فعلًا.²

Chicago 18، مؤلف-سنة:

رغم أن Yu يجعل Generic Asian Extra الحبكة كلها (Yu 2020, 45)، يتتبع Binder and Kidder كيف تفوز جماعات الحرم فعلًا (Binder and Kidder 2022, 117–18).

If the citation appears at the end of a sentence, put the end punctuation after the closing parenthesis for the citation.

Place periods and commas within closing single or double quotation marks. Place other punctuation marks inside quotation marks only when they are part of the quoted material.

اقتباس قصير رسمي:

Effective teams can be difficult to describe because "high performance along one domain does not translate to high performance along another" (Ervin et al., 2018, p. 470).

الشكل السردي للاقتباس نفسه:

Ervin et al. (2018) found that "high performance along one domain does not translate to high performance along another" (p. 470).

اقتباس في وسط الجملة:

The claim that "high performance along one domain does not translate to high performance along another" (Ervin et al., 2018, p. 470) is a warning, not a compliment.

خطأ (النقطة داخلًا، والاستشهاد معلّق):

Effective teams can be difficult to describe because "high performance along one domain does not translate to high performance along another." (Ervin et al., 2018, p. 470)

Either (a) cite the source in parentheses after the quotation's final punctuation or (b) cite the author and year in the narrative before the quotation and place only the page number in parentheses after the quotation's final punctuation.

Do not add a period after the closing parenthesis in either case.

الشكل بين قوسين (مختصر؛ المقتطف الكامل في دليل الاقتباس الكتلي):

…cognitive and neural underpinnings. (Alderson-Day & Fernyhough, 2015, p. 957)

الاقتباس سؤال:

Participants asked, "Quoted question?" (Author, Year, p. Page).

جملتك هي السؤال:

Is it plausible that one night "quoted phrase" (Author, Year, p. Page)?

مؤلفان، بين قوسين (أسماء رسمية):

(Alderson-Day & Fernyhough, 2015, p. 957)

مؤلفان، سردي:

Alderson-Day and Fernyhough (2015) reviewed the evidence (p. 957).

ثلاثة مؤلفين أو أكثر، مقال دورية رسمي:

(Niepel et al., 2025)

فصل كتاب رسمي بنطاق صفحات:

(Zeleke et al., 2020, pp. 11–26)

صفحات غير متصلة (قالب):

(Author, Year, pp. 88, 102)

فقرات مرقّمة بلا صفحات (قالب):

(Group Author, Year, para. 4) or (Group Author, Year, paras. 4–5)

عنوان قسم، بلا صفحات ولا أرقام فقرات (قالب):

(Group Author, Year, "Methods" section)

مرجع APA رسمي (رمز & في القائمة):

Niepel, C., Hausen, J. E., Weber, A. M., & Möller, J. (2025). Understanding mean-level and intraindividual variability in state academic self-concept: The role of students’ trait expectancies and values. Journal of Educational Psychology, 117(5), 772–788. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000946

بين قوسين (النظرة العامة، 1 أبريل 2021):

Reading is "just half of literacy. The other half is writing" (Baron 194).

سردي (الصفحة نفسها):

According to Naomi Baron, reading is "just half of literacy. The other half is writing" (194).

خطأ (تكرار المؤلف):

According to Naomi Baron, reading is "just half of literacy. The other half is writing" (Baron 194).

مدخل الأعمال المستشهد بها الرسمي:

Baron, Naomi S. "Redefining Reading: The Impact of Digital Communication Media." PMLA, vol. 128, no. 1, Jan. 2013, pp. 193–200.

عملان للمؤلف نفسه (قالب؛ فاصلة قبل العنوان):

(Author, Shortened Title 88)

بلا مؤلف، عنوان مختصر (قالب):

The report calls the deficit "cumulative" ("Shortened Title" 3).

In the block-quotation format, however, no period after the citation is necessary: the reader knows that the writer's thought ends at the citation because a block quotation is not normally inserted in the middle of a sentence.

The period after "enquiry" is not the writer's final period. It is Virginia Woolf's period, found in the source work. It is retained in this format because there is no following period to make it redundant.

سؤال يقتبس سؤالًا، بلا استشهاد:

Which Shakespeare character asked, "Is this a dagger which I see before me, / The handle toward my hand?"

سؤال يقتبس سؤالًا، مع استشهاد:

How would you respond to the writer's question, "How important is punctuation" (5)?

الاقتباس سؤال وجملتك ليست كذلك (قالب):

The author ends with a question: "Quoted question?" (Author 11).

صفحة رسمية:

(Baron 194)

نطاق صفحات المقال الرسمي:

(Baron 193–200)

فقرة مرقّمة (قالب):

(Author, par. 4)

طابع زمني (قالب):

(Author 00:02:15–00:02:40)

A note number should generally be placed at the end of a sentence or at the end of a clause. The number normally follows a quotation (whether it is run in to the text or set as an extract). Relative to other punctuation, the number follows any punctuation mark except for the dash, which it precedes.

بعد النقطة:

يُستأجر راوي Yu بوصفه Generic Asian Extra.¹

بعد علامة التنصيص الختامية ونقطتها:

Reading is "just half of literacy. The other half is writing."²

بعد فاصلة، وسط الجملة:

رغم أن Yu يجعل ذلك الكومبارس الحبكة كلها،³ يتتبع Binder and Kidder كيف تفوز جماعات الحرم.⁴

قبل الشرطة:

الراوي كومبارس عام⁵—والرواية تجعل ذلك الدور هو الحبكة.

بعد قوس ختامي:

The effect is largest in the roles extras actually get (the ones with no name).⁶

خطأ (الرقم قبل الترقيم):

يُستأجر راوي Yu بوصفه Generic Asian Extra¹.

حاشية كاملة:

1. Charles Yu, Interior Chinatown (Pantheon Books, 2020), 45.

حاشية كاملة لمؤلفين:

2. Amy J. Binder and Jeffrey L. Kidder, The Channels of Student Activism: How the Left and Right Are Winning (and Losing) in Campus Politics Today (University of Chicago Press, 2022), 117–18.

حواشٍ مختصرة:

3. Yu, Interior Chinatown, 48.

حاشية مختصرة لمؤلفين:

4. Binder and Kidder, Channels of Student Activism, 125.

مصدران رسميان في حاشية واحدة (الفاصلة المنقوطة هي القاعدة؛ الاقتران لنا):

5. Binder and Kidder, Channels of Student Activism, 117–18; Yu, Interior Chinatown, 45.

كتاب رسمي:

(Yu 2020, 45)

كتاب رسمي لمؤلفين:

(Binder and Kidder 2022, 117–18)

مقال دورية رسمي:

(Kwon 2022, 1842–43)

مقال رسمي لمؤلفين:

(Dittmar and Schemske 2023, 480)

ثلاثة مؤلفين أو أكثر في النص:

(Snyder et al. 2025, 9–10)

اقتباس، النقطة بعد القوس:

يُستأجر راوي Yu بوصفه "Generic Asian Extra" (Yu 2020, 45).

اقتباس كتلي (قالب):

…last word of the extract. (Yu 2020, 45)

Finally, if you were to cite two sources at the end of a sentence, you’d usually do that when both sources supported the same idea, in which case you’d separate them with a semicolon: (IMDb 2026; Henry 1994). See also CMOS 13.116.

APA 7، أسماء رسمية، أبجديًا:

(Levenson et al., 2025; Niepel et al., 2025; Zeleke et al., 2020)

APA 7، المؤلف نفسه، سنتان (قالب):

(Author, 2018, 2021)

MLA 9:

(Baron 194; Woolf 14)

Chicago 18، مؤلف-سنة:

(Binder and Kidder 2022, 117–18; Yu 2020, 45)

Chicago 18، حاشية واحدة:

5. Binder and Kidder, Channels of Student Activism, 117–18; Yu, Interior Chinatown, 45.

By convention, commas and periods that directly follow quotations go inside the closing quotation marks