句号放在哪里？文内引用的标点规则

APA 7，官方短引文（Alamo 2026 年 5 月 29 日转载）：

Effective teams can be difficult to describe because "high performance along one domain does not translate to high performance along another" (Ervin et al., 2018, p. 470).

APA 7，对官方出处的转述：

State academic self-concept varies within the same student as well as across students (Niepel et al., 2025).

MLA 9，官方 Style Center 引文：

Reading is "just half of literacy. The other half is writing" (Baron 194).

MLA 9，官方 Woolf 行内引文（Style Center，2016 年 2 月 29 日）：

Virginia Woolf describes the scene vividly: "Everything had come to a standstill. The throb of the motor engines sounded like a pulse irregularly drumming through an entire body" (14).

Chicago 18，官方注释（Quick Guide）：

1. Charles Yu, Interior Chinatown (Pantheon Books, 2020), 45.

Chicago 18，对应的上标：

Yu 的叙述者被雇为 Generic Asian Extra。¹

Chicago 18，官方著者–年份（Quick Guide）：

(Yu 2020, 45)

块引用模板（三种体例通用）：

…final word of the extract. (Author, Year, p. Page) — no period after the citation

The citation refers to the quotation and thus belongs in the same sentence with it.

A period is needed after the citation to indicate where the writer's sentence ends.

In the source work by Virginia Woolf, there is a period after "body," but it's omitted here because the following period makes a period after "body" redundant.

APA 7：

Although self-concept varies from moment to moment (Niepel et al., 2025), couple therapists can still practise discrete skills (Levenson et al., 2025).

MLA 9：

Although reading is "just half of literacy" (Baron 194), Woolf's motor car has already stopped (14).

Chicago 18，注释：

尽管 Yu 把 Generic Asian Extra 写成整部情节，¹ Binder and Kidder 追踪校园团体实际如何取胜。²

Chicago 18，著者–年份：

尽管 Yu 把 Generic Asian Extra 写成整部情节 (Yu 2020, 45)，Binder and Kidder 追踪校园团体实际如何取胜 (Binder and Kidder 2022, 117–18)。

If the citation appears at the end of a sentence, put the end punctuation after the closing parenthesis for the citation.

Place periods and commas within closing single or double quotation marks. Place other punctuation marks inside quotation marks only when they are part of the quoted material.

官方短引文：

Effective teams can be difficult to describe because "high performance along one domain does not translate to high performance along another" (Ervin et al., 2018, p. 470).

同一引文的叙述形式：

Ervin et al. (2018) found that "high performance along one domain does not translate to high performance along another" (p. 470).

句中引文：

The claim that "high performance along one domain does not translate to high performance along another" (Ervin et al., 2018, p. 470) is a warning, not a compliment.

错误（句号在内，出处悬空）：

Effective teams can be difficult to describe because "high performance along one domain does not translate to high performance along another." (Ervin et al., 2018, p. 470)

Either (a) cite the source in parentheses after the quotation's final punctuation or (b) cite the author and year in the narrative before the quotation and place only the page number in parentheses after the quotation's final punctuation.

Do not add a period after the closing parenthesis in either case.

括号形式（节略；全文见块引用指南）：

…cognitive and neural underpinnings. (Alderson-Day & Fernyhough, 2015, p. 957)

引文本身是问句：

Participants asked, "Quoted question?" (Author, Year, p. Page).

你的句子才是问句：

Is it plausible that one night "quoted phrase" (Author, Year, p. Page)?

两名著者，括号（官方姓名）：

(Alderson-Day & Fernyhough, 2015, p. 957)

两名著者，叙述：

Alderson-Day and Fernyhough (2015) reviewed the evidence (p. 957).

三名或以上著者，官方期刊论文：

(Niepel et al., 2025)

官方书籍章节，带页码范围：

(Zeleke et al., 2020, pp. 11–26)

不连续页码（模板）：

(Author, Year, pp. 88, 102)

有编号的段落，无页码（模板）：

(Group Author, Year, para. 4) or (Group Author, Year, paras. 4–5)

节标题，无页码也无段落号（模板）：

(Group Author, Year, "Methods" section)

官方 APA 参考文献（表中用和号）：

Niepel, C., Hausen, J. E., Weber, A. M., & Möller, J. (2025). Understanding mean-level and intraindividual variability in state academic self-concept: The role of students’ trait expectancies and values. Journal of Educational Psychology, 117(5), 772–788. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000946

括号（概览，2021 年 4 月 1 日）：

Reading is "just half of literacy. The other half is writing" (Baron 194).

叙述（同一页）：

According to Naomi Baron, reading is "just half of literacy. The other half is writing" (194).

错误（著者重复）：

According to Naomi Baron, reading is "just half of literacy. The other half is writing" (Baron 194).

官方 Works Cited 条目：

Baron, Naomi S. "Redefining Reading: The Impact of Digital Communication Media." PMLA, vol. 128, no. 1, Jan. 2013, pp. 193–200.

同一著者的两部作品（模板；标题前加逗号）：

(Author, Shortened Title 88)

无著者，缩短标题（模板）：

The report calls the deficit "cumulative" ("Shortened Title" 3).

In the block-quotation format, however, no period after the citation is necessary: the reader knows that the writer's thought ends at the citation because a block quotation is not normally inserted in the middle of a sentence.

The period after "enquiry" is not the writer's final period. It is Virginia Woolf's period, found in the source work. It is retained in this format because there is no following period to make it redundant.

问句引用问句，无出处：

Which Shakespeare character asked, "Is this a dagger which I see before me, / The handle toward my hand?"

问句引用问句，有出处：

How would you respond to the writer's question, "How important is punctuation" (5)?

引文是问句而你的句子不是（模板）：

The author ends with a question: "Quoted question?" (Author 11).

官方页码：

(Baron 194)

官方论文的页码范围：

(Baron 193–200)

有编号的段落（模板）：

(Author, par. 4)

时间戳（模板）：

(Author 00:02:15–00:02:40)

A note number should generally be placed at the end of a sentence or at the end of a clause. The number normally follows a quotation (whether it is run in to the text or set as an extract). Relative to other punctuation, the number follows any punctuation mark except for the dash, which it precedes.

句号之后：

Yu 的叙述者被雇为 Generic Asian Extra。¹

右引号及其句号之后：

Reading is "just half of literacy. The other half is writing."²

逗号之后，句中：

尽管 Yu 把这个群众演员写成整部情节，³ Binder and Kidder 追踪校园团体如何取胜。⁴

破折号之前：

叙述者是一名 generic extra⁵——小说把这个角色写成情节本身。

闭合括号之后：

The effect is largest in the roles extras actually get (the ones with no name).⁶

错误（编号在标点之前）：

Yu 的叙述者被雇为 Generic Asian Extra¹。

完整注释：

1. Charles Yu, Interior Chinatown (Pantheon Books, 2020), 45.

两名著者的完整注释：

2. Amy J. Binder and Jeffrey L. Kidder, The Channels of Student Activism: How the Left and Right Are Winning (and Losing) in Campus Politics Today (University of Chicago Press, 2022), 117–18.

缩短注释：

3. Yu, Interior Chinatown, 48.

两名著者的缩短注释：

4. Binder and Kidder, Channels of Student Activism, 125.

一条注释中的两处官方出处（分号是规则；配对为本站所做）：

5. Binder and Kidder, Channels of Student Activism, 117–18; Yu, Interior Chinatown, 45.

官方书籍：

(Yu 2020, 45)

官方两名著者书籍：

(Binder and Kidder 2022, 117–18)

官方期刊论文：

(Kwon 2022, 1842–43)

官方两名著者论文：

(Dittmar and Schemske 2023, 480)

正文中三名或以上著者：

(Snyder et al. 2025, 9–10)

引文，句号在括号之后：

Yu 的叙述者被雇为 "Generic Asian Extra" (Yu 2020, 45)。

块引用（模板）：

…last word of the extract. (Yu 2020, 45)

Finally, if you were to cite two sources at the end of a sentence, you’d usually do that when both sources supported the same idea, in which case you’d separate them with a semicolon: (IMDb 2026; Henry 1994). See also CMOS 13.116.

APA 7，官方姓名，字母序：

(Levenson et al., 2025; Niepel et al., 2025; Zeleke et al., 2020)

APA 7，同一著者，两个年份（模板）：

(Author, 2018, 2021)

MLA 9：

(Baron 194; Woolf 14)

Chicago 18，著者–年份：

(Binder and Kidder 2022, 117–18; Yu 2020, 45)

Chicago 18，一条注释：

5. Binder and Kidder, Channels of Student Activism, 117–18; Yu, Interior Chinatown, 45.

By convention, commas and periods that directly follow quotations go inside the closing quotation marks