句号放在哪里？夹注引用的标点规则

APA 7，转述：

Sleep loss impairs next-day recall (Ferreira, 2021).

APA 7，引文：

Sleep loss "degrades working memory within a single night" (Ferreira, 2021, p. 88).

MLA 9，转述：

Sleep loss impairs next-day recall (Ferreira 88).

MLA 9，引文：

Sleep loss "degrades working memory within a single night" (Ferreira 88).

Chicago 18，注释编号：

Sleep loss "degrades working memory within a single night."¹

Chicago 18，该注释：

1. Nadia Ferreira, Attention and the Learning Brain (Halcyon Academic Press, 2021), 88.

Chicago 18，author-date：

Sleep loss impairs next-day recall (Ferreira 2021, 88).

块引用，三种体例通用：

…within a single night. (Ferreira, 2021, p. 88) — 引用后不加句号

APA 7：

Although sleep loss impairs recall (Ferreira, 2021), caffeine masks the effect for a few hours (Adeyemi & Brandt, 2019).

MLA 9：

Although sleep loss impairs recall (Ferreira 88), caffeine masks the effect for a few hours (Adeyemi and Brandt 42).

Chicago 18，注释：

Although sleep loss impairs recall,¹ caffeine masks the effect for a few hours.²

Chicago 18，author-date：

Although sleep loss impairs recall (Ferreira 2021, 88), caffeine masks the effect for a few hours (Adeyemi and Brandt 2019, 42).

括号引用：

Sleep loss "degrades working memory within a single night" (Ferreira, 2021, p. 88).

叙述性引用：

Ferreira (2021) found that sleep loss "degrades working memory within a single night" (p. 88).

引文位于句子中间：

The claim that sleep loss "degrades working memory" (Ferreira, 2021, p. 88) has been replicated twice.

错误示范（句号在内，引用被留在外面）：

Sleep loss "degrades working memory within a single night." (Ferreira, 2021, p. 88)

括号形式：

Ferreira's summary is blunt:

      A single night of restricted sleep is enough to measurably degrade working
      memory, and the deficit does not recover after one full night of sleep. The
      effect is largest in the tasks that students most often describe as
      "cramming," which is precisely the situation in which they sleep least.
      (Ferreira, 2021, p. 88)

叙述形式，块后仅跟页码：

Ferreira (2021) summarised the evidence: [block quotation] …sleep least. (p. 88)

引文本身是疑问句：

Participants kept asking, "Why does one night matter?" (Ferreira, 2021, p. 90).

你的句子是疑问句：

Is it plausible that one night "degrades working memory" (Ferreira, 2021, p. 88)?

感叹号在引文内部：

One student wrote, "I will never cram again!" (Ferreira, 2021, p. 91).

两位作者，括号引用：

(Adeyemi & Brandt, 2019, p. 42)

两位作者，叙述性引用：

Adeyemi and Brandt (2019) reported the effect (p. 42).

三位或更多作者：

(Osei et al., 2022, pp. 14–16)

不连续的页码：

(Ferreira, 2021, pp. 88, 102)

编号段落，无页码：

(Northwind Energy Institute, 2023, para. 4) or (Northwind Energy Institute, 2023, paras. 4–5)

小节标题，无页码或段落编号：

(Northwind Energy Institute, 2023, "Methods" section)

时间戳：

(Kettering Science Lab, 2022, 2:15)

括号引用：

Sleep loss "degrades working memory within a single night" (Ferreira 88).

叙述性引用：

Ferreira finds that sleep loss "degrades working memory within a single night" (88).

同一作者的两部作品，标题前加逗号：

Sleep loss "degrades working memory within a single night" (Ferreira, Attention 88).

无作者，缩短题名：

The report calls the deficit "cumulative" ("Sleep and Study" 3).

Ferreira's summary is blunt:

      A single night of restricted sleep is enough to measurably degrade working
      memory, and the deficit does not recover after one full night of sleep. The
      effect is largest in the tasks that students most often describe as
      "cramming," which is precisely the situation in which they sleep least. (88)

引文本身是疑问句：

Participants kept asking, "Why does one night matter?" (Ferreira 90).

你的句子是疑问句：

Is it plausible that one night "degrades working memory" (Ferreira 88)?

引用了疑问句的疑问句，带引用：

How would you answer Ferreira's question, "Why does one night matter" (90)?

句号之后：

Sleep loss impairs next-day recall.¹

右引号及其句号之后：

Sleep loss "degrades working memory within a single night."²

逗号之后，句中位置：

Although sleep loss impairs recall,³ caffeine masks the effect for a few hours.⁴

破折号之前：

The deficit is cumulative⁵—and it survives a full night of recovery sleep.

右括号之后：

The effect was largest in the cramming condition (the one students reported most often).⁶

错误示范（编号在标点之前）：

Sleep loss "degrades working memory within a single night²."

完整注释：

1. Nadia Ferreira, Attention and the Learning Brain (Halcyon Academic Press, 2021), 88.

缩短注释：

2. Ferreira, Attention, 90.

一条注释中的两个来源：

3. Folake Adeyemi and Sven Brandt, "Caffeine, Sleep Debt, and Recall in Undergraduates," Journal of Cognitive Learning 8, no. 3 (2019): 42; Ferreira, Attention, 88.

页码范围：

4. Ferreira, Attention, 88–89.

转述：

Sleep loss impairs next-day recall (Ferreira 2021, 88).

引文：

Sleep loss "degrades working memory within a single night" (Ferreira 2021, 88).

两位作者：

(Adeyemi and Brandt 2019, 42)

两个来源：

(Adeyemi and Brandt 2019; Ferreira 2021)

块引用：

…sleep least. (Ferreira 2021, 88)

APA 7：

(Adeyemi & Brandt, 2019; Ferreira, 2021; Osei et al., 2022)

APA 7，同一作者，两个年份：

(Ferreira, 2018, 2021)

MLA 9：

(Adeyemi and Brandt 42; Ferreira 88; Osei et al. 14)

Chicago 18，author-date：

(Adeyemi and Brandt 2019, 42; Ferreira 2021, 88)

Chicago 18，一条注释：

5. Adeyemi and Brandt, "Caffeine," 42; Ferreira, Attention, 88.